Case Report: Holistic dental care for a child with Hunter syndrome: Addressing dental ramifications, overcoming challenges, and enhancing quality of life.

Hunter syndrome (MPS II), an X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disorder, is a result of deficiency of the iduronate 2-sulfatase enzyme (IDS), leading to cognitive impairment, systemic organ involvement, and increased dental problems. This case report describes the management of a child with Hunter syndrome who was referred to the Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry for pain in the upper front teeth. Intraoral examination revealed severe early childhood caries, prompting planning for full-mouth rehabilitation under general anaesthesia due to the child's uncooperative behaviour.

Effect of audio and virtual reality distraction on the dental anxiety of children with mild intellectual disability.

Background And Aim: Intellectual disability, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that typically manifests early in childhood and consists of both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains. It can be categorized into mild, moderate, severe, and profound based on its severity. Cognitive impairment may be observed predominantly in children with intellectual disabilities.

A spectroscopic and surface microhardness study of enamel exposed to beverages supplemented with ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate. A randomized in vitro trial.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy between supplementing ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate to carbonated beverages by recording the in vitro mineral loss and surface microhardness (SMH) changes in human enamel.

Methods: 120 enamel blocks each (from primary and permanent teeth) were uniformly prepared and the initial SMH was recorded. These enamel specimens were equally divided (n = 60) for their respective beverage treatment in Group 1 (2 mmol/L ferrous sulfate) and Group 2 (2 mmol/L ferrous fumarate).

Repeated exposure of acidic beverages on esthetic restorative materials: An in-vitro surface microhardness study.

Background: A manifold increase in the consumption of aerated beverages has witnessed a twin increase in tooth wear and raised demand for esthetic restorative materials. This study aimed to evaluate the surface microhardness changes of esthetic restorative materials following treatment with aerated beverages in an in-vitro situation.

Material And Methods: The initial surface microhardness of the restorative materials GC Fuji II LC, GC Fuji IX, Nano Glass ionomer, Resin and Nano composite was recorded.

Use of different oral hygiene strategies in children with cerebral palsy: A comparative study.

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is described as a group of conditions usually occurring in childhood, where children have motor dysfunction and are unable to adequately master the necessary techniques of plaque control, which ultimately leads to dental caries and periodontal problems.

Aims: The objective of this study was to educate the parents/caretakers/institution staff and children with CP about the different preventive home care measures and to evaluate the oral hygiene and gingival health status of these children before and after the institution of different preventive home care measures.

Materials And Methods: A total of 64 individuals with CP, aged between 6 and 18 years, were examined for their oral hygiene and gingival health status, after which the parents/caretakers received a health education program.

Clinical Management of Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia: A Case Report.

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare, genetically inherited platelet disorder in which the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) complex is either deficient or, dysfunctional. The incidence is about 1 in 1,000,000. This case report deals with a 4 year-old girl diagnosed with GT presenting with dental caries and periapical lesions in the primary mandibular first molars.

Knowledge of care providers regarding the oral health of visually impaired children.

Objective: To assess the awareness of care providers of visually impaired children regarding their oral hygiene.

Method: A simple pre-structured questionnaire was given to the care providers and the awareness regarding their oral health was assessed.

Results: There was a general lack of awareness among the care providers of these children regarding dental diseases and its prevention.

Salivary sialic acid levels and dental health in children with congenital heart disease.

Congenital cardiac disease is one of the most common developmental anomalies in children. Higher caries prevalence and gingivitis compared to healthy children have been shown in children with congenital heart disease which has a significant implication in the medical care of these patients associated with bacteraemia and endocarditis. Sialic acids being terminal sugar components and marker of chronic inflammatory response are found to be present at higher levels in children with poor oral health status.

Salivary antioxidants and oral health in children with autism.

Unlabelled: Individuals with autism vary widely in abilities, intelligence, and behaviours. Autistic children have preferences for soft and sweetened food making them susceptible to caries. A wide spectrum of medical and behavioural symptoms is exhibited by children with autism, which makes routine dental care very difficult in them.

Total antioxidant concentrations of breastmilk--an eye-opener to the negligent.

The balance between free radical production and antioxidant defenses in the body has important systemic and oral health implications. There is convincing evidence that breastmilk containing antioxidants is important in the prevention of diseases in infancy. This study compared the total antioxidant concentration of human breastmilk expressed at different stages of lactation, stored at various temperatures and durations.

Crouzon's syndrome: A review of literature and case report.

Crouzon's syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder with complete penetrance and variable expressivity. Described by a French neurosurgeon in 1912, it is a rare genetic disorder. Crouzon's syndrome is caused by mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene.

Knowledge and Oral Health Attitudes among Parents of Children with Congenital Heart Disease.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a devastating complex of diseases resulting from defects of development. It affects more than 1 of every 100 live births. Early preventive dental care should be adjusted to the special needs of these children in their first years of life.

Total antioxidant capacity of saliva in children with HIV.

Unlabelled: Several recent reports have indicated high levels of reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative stress, in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Oxidative stress may lead to enhanced HIV replication in infected cells and may also aggravate the immunodeficiency by reduction of cellular immunity and possibly by increased programmed cell death of lymphocytes. Saliva can constitute a first line of defense against free radical mediated oxidative stress.

Finite element method--an effective research tool for dentistry.

Stress analysis of dental structures has been a topic of interest in recent years with the objective of determination of stresses in the tooth and it's supporting structures and improvement of the mechanical strength of these structures. The purpose of this article is to give an insight of the finite element analysis which has totally overtaken other experimental analysis due to its ability to model even the most complex of geometries with is immensely flexible and adaptable nature. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a computer-based numerical technique for calculating the strength and behavior of structures.

Estimation of salivary cortisol in children with rampant caries.

Dental profession is largely challenged with rampant caries and probable predisposing factors for the same have been evaluated for ages. There is considerable evidence that emotional disturbances may be a causative factor in some cases of rampant caries. Thus the objective of the present study was to estimate the levels of salivary cortisol in children with active rampant caries before and after caries control using electrochemiluminescence assay.

Oral health status of the visually impaired children--a south Indian study.

Unlabelled: Oral health is an important aspect of health for all children, and is all the more important for children with special health needs. The oral health of children who are visually impaired can be disadvantaged, since they are often unable to adequately apply the techniques necessary to control plaque.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the oral health status of visually impaired children.

Study of stress distribution and displacement of the maxillary complex following application of forces using jackscrew and nitanium palatal expander 2--a finite element study.

Unlabelled: The stress distribution patterns within the maxillary complex during the expansion by slow maxillary expansion plate and Nitanium palate expander 2 was analyzed.

Objective: This comparative study was done using a finite element model of a young maxillary bone. The model was generated using the data from computerized tomographic scans of a dried maxillary bone.

Oral health status of children with congenital heart disease and the awareness, attitude and knowledge of their parents.

The oral health status of children with congenital heart diseases and the parental awareness on maintaining good oral health and attitude towards preventive dental health measures were evaluated. A total of 170 children between the age group of 1-16 yrs belonging to both genders, with the history of congenital heart disease from Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram and Narayana Hrudayalaya Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore were examined. Oral lesions and caries experience were recorded using modified WHO oral health assessment form.

Total antioxidant capacity of saliva and its relation with early childhood caries and rampant caries.

Dental caries is an infectious and communicable disease and multiple factors influence the initiation and progression of the disease. Recently it has been claimed that oxidative stress may play an important role in the onset and the development of several inflammatory oral pathologies and dental caries may also be included. Saliva could constitute a first line of defense against free radical- mediated oxidative stress.

Transfersomes: self-optimizing carriers for bioactives.

The transdermal route of drug delivery has gained great interest of pharmaceutical research, as it circumvents number of problems associated with oral route of drug administration. The major barrier in transdermal delivery of drug is the skin intrinsic barrier, the stratum corneum, the outermost envelop of the skin that offers the principal hurdle for diffusion of hydrophilic ionizable bioactives. Recently, various strategies have been used to augment the transdermal delivery of bioactives.

Pediatric liquid medicaments--do they erode the teeth surface? An in vitro study: part I.

The present study was conducted to investigate the endogenous erosive potential of some of the most commonly used pediatric liquid medicaments in our day to day practice. Eight commonly used pediatric liquid medicaments were selected and their endogenous pH was measured using a pH electrode meter Twenty four exfoliated or extracted primary teeth without any carious lesion/restorations, maintained in selected pediatric liquid medicaments were observed under SEM after 1 min, 10 mins and 8 hours of time intervals. The pH ranged between 6.

Enhanced transdermal delivery of acyclovir sodium via elastic liposomes.

The elastic liposomes bearing acyclovir sodium were prepared for its enhanced transdermal delivery by conventional rotary evaporation method and characterized for various parameters such as vesicle shape and surface morphology, size and size distribution, entrapment efficiency, elasticity, polydispersity index, turbidity and in vitro release pattern. Permeability studies of acyclovir sodium incorporated in elastic liposomes were performed across artificial membranes and rat skin. Skin permeation potential of the developed formulation was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy, that revealed an enhanced permeation of the formulation to the deeper layers of the skin (up to 160 microm) following channel like pathways.

PH of medicated syrups--does it really matter?--an in-vitro study: Part-II.

The aim of the present in vitro study was to quantify the endogenous erosive potential of the various pediatric liquid medicaments by measuring the calcium dissolution of primary enamel after immersing it for different time intervals (1 min, 10 min and 8 hours) using atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The eight commonly used pediatric liquid medicaments which were selected had definitive endogenous calcium dissolution potential. All the medicaments showed calcium dissolution of primary enamel at alkaline pH and near neutral pH.