Precise Base Substitution Using CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Base Editor in Rice.

Base editors, CRISPR/Cas-based precise genome editing tools, enable base conversion at a target site without inducing DNA double-strand breaks. The genome editing targetable range is restricted by the requirement for protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence. Cas9 derived from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9)-most widely used for genome editing in many organisms-requires an NGG sequence adjacent to the target site as a PAM.

Enhanced FnCas12a-Mediated Targeted Mutagenesis Using crRNA With Altered Target Length in Rice.

The CRISPR/Cas12a (Cpf1) system utilizes a thymidine-rich protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and generates DNA ends with a 5' overhang. These properties differ from those of CRISPR/Cas9, making Cas12a an attractive alternative in the CRISPR toolbox. However, genome editing efficiencies of Cas12a orthologs are generally lower than those of SpCas9 and depend on their target sequences.

Re-Evaluation of Florigen Transport Kinetics with Separation of Functions by Mutations That Uncouple Flowering Initiation and Long-Distance Transport.

In many plants, timing of flowering is regulated by day length. In Arabidopsis, florigen, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein, is synthesized in leaf phloem companion cells in response to long days and is transported to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) through the phloem. The temporal aspects of florigen transportation have been studied in various plants by physiological experiments.

SODIUM POTASSIUM ROOT DEFECTIVE1 regulates FLOWERING LOCUS T expression via the microRNA156-SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE3 module in response to potassium conditions.

To determine flowering time, plants perceive multiple environmental stimuli and integrate these signals in the regulation of a florigen gene, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). It has been known that nutrient availability affects flowering time in both laboratories and fields. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are the three major macronutrients which are important for plant growth and development.