Anatomical evaluations of the adipose tissue surrounding the flexor hallucis longus tendon.

This study aimed to evaluate the presence of adipose tissue surrounding the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon through gross dissection and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Grossly, we observed the FHL tendon and surrounding tissues in nine cadavers. Using MRI, we quantitatively evaluated each tissue from the horizontal plane in 40 healthy ankles.

Elasticity of the Scalene Muscles in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers Using Shear Wave Elastography.

Background: Thoracic outlet syndrome is more common in overhead athletes. The anterior and middle scalene muscles have been associated with thoracic outlet syndrome; however, the relationship between the elastic moduli of the scalene muscles and the overhead-throwing position has not been evaluated.

Purpose: To investigate the elastic moduli of the anterior and middle scalene muscles in simulated throwing positions using shear wave elastography.

Plantar flexion with inversion shows highest elastic modulus of calcaneofibular ligament using ultrasound share wave elastography.

Purpose: The functional role of the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) is still controversial. We aimed to investigate the anatomical features of the CFL on sonography and the elastic modulus of the CFL in different ankle positions using ultrasound shear-wave elastography (SWE).

Methods: In 14 cadaveric ankles, the angle of the CFL with respect to the long axis of the fibula was measured in the following ankle positions: neutral (N), 30° plantar flexion (PF), and 20° dorsiflexion (DF).

Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction With the Modified Jobe Technique in Baseball Pitchers.

Background: Tearing and insufficiency of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the elbow result in valgus instability, which can lead to pain while throwing and decline in performance in overhead athletes.

Purpose: To assess the clinical results of a modified UCL reconstruction technique using 1 bone hole in the ulna and 1 bone tunnel in the humerus in baseball players.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Bilateral suprascapular notches are asymmetrically shaped in a third of the Asian population.

Purpose: The side-to-side differences within an individual's suprascapular notch (SSN) and the clinical characteristics of an ossified superior transverse scapular ligament are unclear. Therefore, the morphological asymmetry of the SSN was investigated, and the factors associated with the ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament were analyzed.

Methods: Two hundred and seventy-six computed tomography images were retrospectively analyzed, which included those of both scapulae of Asian patients (mean age, 62.

Characteristics of Femoral Torsion Angles and Relationships Between Femoral Torsion Angles and Hip Rotational Motion Variables in Adult Baseball Players.

Background: Abnormalities in hip rotational motion (HRM) are risk factors for throwing injuries. To evaluate hip rotational motion, it is necessary to assess the torsion angle. However, no studies have investigated the femoral torsion angle (FTA) in baseball players.

Relationship between bilateral humeral retroversion angle and starting baseball age in skeletally mature baseball players-existence of watershed age.

Background: Repetitive pitching in childhood was thought to restrict the physiological derotation process of the humeral head. Some studies reported that the side-to-side differences of humeral retroversion in baseball players occurred between the age of 9 and 11 years. The present study investigated the relationship between bilateral humeral retroversion angle and starting baseball age in skeletally mature baseball players.

The differences of humeral torsion angle and the glenohumeral rotation angles between young right-handed and left-handed pitchers.

Background: The differences between young right-handed and left-handed baseball players are not well known. This study compared the range of the shoulder motion and humeral torsion angle (HTA) between right-handed and left-handed young baseball pitchers.

Methods: A total of 65 young baseball pitchers (age, 9-12 years; 46 right-handed throwers, R group; and 19 left-handed throwers, L group) were analyzed.

Sonographic sequential change of the anteroinferior labrum following arthroscopic Bankart repair: quantitative and qualitative assessment.

Objective: Although arthroscopic Bankart repair is widely performed, little is known concerning the healing process of the Bankart lesion. This study aimed to describe the sonographic sequential change of the anteroinferior labrum following arthroscopic Bankart repair, both quantitatively and qualitatively.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-five subjects who had undergone arthroscopic Bankart repair were investigated using a sonographic diagnostic device equipped with shear-wave elastographic technology.

Left-handed skeletally mature baseball players have smaller humeral retroversion in the throwing arm than right-handed players.

Background: It is known that the humeral retroversion of baseball players is greater in the throwing arm than in the nonthrowing arm. An investigation measuring dry bone specimens also showed that the right humerus had greater retroversion than the left. Considering these facts, it was hypothesized that humeral retroversion would differ between right- and left-handed players.

Anterior and posterior bands of the anterior bundle in the elbow ulnar collateral ligament: ultrasound anatomy.

Background: The anterior oblique bundle (AOL) of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is composed of anterior and posterior bands. This study evaluated the anatomy of the anterior and posterior bands in the AOL of the UCL for their separate visualization with ultrasound (US).

Methods: We dissected 18 cadaveric elbow joints and recorded the direction of each band from the lateral view to determine the proper position for the US transducer.

Posterior Shoulder Capsules Are Thicker and Stiffer in the Throwing Shoulders of Healthy College Baseball Players: A Quantitative Assessment Using Shear-Wave Ultrasound Elastography.

Background: Posterior and posteroinferior capsules in the shoulder joints of throwing athletes have been reported to be thicker in throwing than nonthrowing shoulders, and this has a relationship to glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD). However, the stiffness of these thickened capsules has not been reported. Shear-wave ultrasound elastography is a new technology that can measure tissue elasticity quantitatively.

Quantitative analysis of attachment of the labrum to the glenoid fossa: a cadaveric study.

Purpose: This study investigated the direct and continuous attachment of the labrum to the glenoid fossa, including the fibrocartilaginous tissue, using image-analysis software and histology.

Methods: Twenty-six cadaveric shoulders (11 male, 15 female; mean age 80.1 years; age range 36-103 years) were used.

Postoperative evaluation of drill holes for arthroscopic Bankart repair with suture anchors by the use of computed tomography.

Background: Here we investigated the angle and placement of bone holes for suture anchors using postoperative computed-tomography scapula scans.

Methods: The study group comprised 20 shoulders from 20 consecutive patients (13 males and seven females; mean age 23.4 years) who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair.

Stress fracture of the olecranon in an adult baseball player.

Stress fractures of the olecranon caused by repetitive stress force have infrequently been reported as a cause of elbow pain in adult athletes, engaged in throwing and pitching sports. We diagnosed as a stress fracture of the olecranon by clinical and radiographic findings and treated surgically. The patient returned to playing baseball at a competitive level and was asymptomatic 4 months after the first operation.

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the Bankart lesion.

The Bankart lesion is an essential finding of traumatic anterior shoulder instability. The purpose of this study was to clarify the reliability of diagnosis by ultrasonography (US) of the Bankart lesion when using an axillary approach. Six cadaveric shoulders were examined by US from the axilla.