Incidence and factor analysis for the heat-related illness on the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

Introduction: Among the 43 venues of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games (OG) and 33 venues of Paralympic Games (PG) were held, the heat island effect was highly expected to cause heat-related illnesses in the outdoor venues with maximum temperatures exceeding 35°C. However, the actual number of heat-related illness cases during the competition was lower than that was initially expected, and it was unclear under what conditions or environment-related heat illnesses occurred among athletes.

Object: To clarify the cause and factors contributing to the occurrence of heat-related illness among athletes participating in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

Muscles used for chest compression under static and transportation conditions.

Background: Unstable conditions during ambulance transportation are not conducive to the performance of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation by emergency medical technicians.

Objective: The present study was conducted to clarify differences in the quality of chest compression and associated muscle activity between static and ambulance transportation conditions.

Methods: Nine paramedic students performed chest compression for 5 minutes on the floor and during ambulance transportation.

Determination of the appropriate catheter length for needle thoracostomy by using computed tomography scans of trauma patients in Japan.

Background: Previous studies reported a high failure rate in relieving tension pneumothorax by needle thoracostomy, because the catheter was not sufficiently long to access the pleural space. The Advanced Trauma Life Support guideline recommends needle thoracostomy at the second intercostal space in the middle clavicular line using a 5.0-cm catheter, whereas the corresponding guideline in Japan does not mention a catheter length.

Mass gathering medicine for the First East Asian Football Championship and the 24th European/South American Cup in Japan.

It is very important to collect and accumulate data of same-type events from the point of view of appropriate preparedness for mass gathering medicine. On the basis of the experience of the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan, the Japanese Association of Disaster Medicine organized the emergency medical assistance team during large football events. The objective was to analyze all clinical presentations available to the on-site physicians during this event.

Predictive model for estimating risk of crush syndrome: a data mining approach.

Background: There is no standard triage method for earthquake victims with crush injuries because of a scarcity of epidemiologic and quantitative data. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to develop predictive models based on clinical data for crush injury in the Kobe earthquake.

Methods: The medical records of 372 patients with crush injuries from the Kobe earthquake were retrospectively analyzed.

Analysis of patient load data from the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan.

Introduction: Past history of mass casualties related to international football games brought the importance of practical planning, preparedness, simulation training, and analysis of potential patient presentations to the forefront of emergency research.

Methods: The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare established the Health Research Team (HRT-MHLW) for the 2002 FIFA World Cup game (FIFAWC). The HRT-MHLW collected patient data related to the games and analyzed the related factors regarding patient presentations.

Survival and cost analysis of fatalities of the Kobe earthquake in Japan.

Objectives: The authors investigated the dying patterns, and cause and preventability of deaths in a major earthquake disaster, and estimated the cost needed to enhance emergency medical services (EMS) response to prevent "unnecessary" deaths.

Methods: The authors reviewed autopsy data in the Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) earthquake of 1995. A survival analysis was performed to determine the time course and pattern of dying of these deaths.