Nematode and Strepsipteran Parasitism in Bait-Trapped and Hand-Collected Hornets (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, ).

The parasitism of two groups of host-manipulating parasites of hornets was examined in Kyoto, Japan. (661 individuals), (303), (457), (158), (57), and (4) were collected either by bait trap or hand collection with an insect net, and examined for their parasites. An endoparasitic nematode, was isolated from three overwintered gynes of and a gyne of .

Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the paper wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).

The paper wasp is distributed in cold regions of northern East Asia to Russia. are characterized by having longer cells than those of the closely related , which has a similar life history, as an adaptation to cold regions. The phylogenetic relationships of paper wasps have recently been studied; however, the genetic diversity and population structure of has not been determined.

Co-occurrence of ecologically equivalent cryptic species of spider wasps.

Many cryptic species have been discovered in various taxonomic groups based on molecular phylogenetic analyses and mating experiments. Some sympatric cryptic species share equivalent resources, which contradicts the competitive exclusion principle. Two major theories have been proposed to explain the apparent lack of competitive exclusion, i.

Sphaerularia vespae sp. nov. (Nematoda, Tylenchomorpha, Sphaerularioidea), an endoparasite of a common Japanese hornet, Vespa simillima Smith (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Vespidae).

Sphaerularia vespae sp. nov., an endoparasite of a common Japanese hornet, Vespa simillima is described from Hokkaido, Japan, and its molecular sequence profiles are given.