Effect of incretins on skeletal health.

Purpose Of Review: The incretin hormones, glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), have been shown to decrease bone resorption in humans. The aim of this review is to collate evidence and current advances in the research within the last year on the effect of incretins on skeletal health.

Recent Findings: Preclinical studies show potential direct beneficial effects on bone by GLP-1 and GIP, however real world epidemiological data show no effects of GLP-1 receptor analogues on fracture risk.

Bone resorption is unchanged by liraglutide in type 2 diabetes patients: A randomised controlled trial.

Background: Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has well known beneficial effects on glucose metabolism, and animal studies indicate that liraglutide also affects bone turnover by decreasing bone resorption. The primary objective of the study was to investigate the effect of liraglutide on bone turnover in patients with T2D.

Methods: The study was a randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial.

Type 1 Diabetes and Bone Fragility: Links and Risks.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with an increased fracture risk, which is present at young and old age. Reductions in bone mineral density do not explain the increased fracture risk. Novel scanning modalities suggest that structural deficits may contribute to the increased fracture risk.

Diabetes and bone.

Bone disease is a serious complication to diabetes. Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) suffer from an increased risk of fracture, most notably at the hip, compared with patients without diabetes. Confounders such as patient sex, age, body mass index, blood glucose status, fall risk, and diabetes medications may influence the fracture risk.

The diurnal variation of bone formation is attenuated in adult patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: Bone turnover has a diurnal variation influenced by food intake, incretin hormones, the sympathetic nervous system and osteocyte function. The aim of the study was to compare diurnal variation in bone turnover in patients with diabetes and controls.

Design: A clinical 24-h study with patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 5), patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 5) and controls (n = 5).

Skeletal Fragility in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of fracture, which has been reported in several epidemiological studies. However, bone mineral density in T2D is increased and underestimates the fracture risk. Common risk factors for fracture do not fully explain the increased fracture risk observed in patients with T2D.

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Diabetes mellitus, a state of low bone turnover - a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To investigate the differences in bone turnover between diabetic patients and controls.

Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods: A literature search was conducted using the databases Medline at PubMed and EMBASE.

Hypercalcemia in metastatic GIST caused by systemic elevated calcitriol: a case report and review of the literature.

Background: Hypercalcemia is the most common oncologic metabolic emergency but very rarely observed in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumour, which is a rare mesenchymal malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract. We describe a case of hypercalcemia caused by elevated levels of activated vitamin D in a patient with gastrointestinal tumour. Prior to this case report, only one paper has reported an association between hypercalcemia, gastrointestinal stromal tumours and elevated levels of vitamin D.

Mouse transcobalamin has features resembling both human transcobalamin and haptocorrin.

In humans, the cobalamin (Cbl) -binding protein transcobalamin (TC) transports Cbl from the intestine and into all the cells of the body, whereas the glycoprotein haptocorrin (HC), which is present in both blood and exocrine secretions, is able to bind also corrinoids other than Cbl. The aim of this study is to explore the expression of the Cbl-binding protein HC as well as TC in mice. BLAST analysis showed no homologous gene coding for HC in mice.