Arrow entrance wounds with blackened margins simulating bullet wipe.

Crossbows are ancient distance weapons, which in modern times have been largely replaced by guns. Nowadays, they are used for target shooting and in some countries also for hunting. Bolts/arrows fired from a crossbow have a rather low initial velocity but a high penetration capacity comparable to bullets shot from firearms.

Bullet wipe on the uppermost textile layer of gunshot entrance sites: may it be absent due to pre-existing blood staining?

Most gunshot entrance sites on human victims are localized in clothed body regions. Except for the use of lead-free ammunition, a positive color reaction of the sodium rhodizonate test indicates a primary target hit by the bullet. Any lead residue pattern in the area around the entrance hole allows approximate conclusions as to the firing distance in close and intermediate range shots, whereas the presence of a bullet wipe denotes an entrance site.

Electrothermic damage to the nail due to arcing in high-voltage discharge.

The burn effects in high-voltage electrocutions are manifold ranging from inconspicuous marks to deep charring. Apart from lesions caused by direct contact with a live conductor, the victim's body may suffer flash burns from arcing resulting in extensive scattered or confluent heat damage of the skin. In such cases, the nail plates of fingers and toes may undergo thermal changes which up to now have not been mentioned in the pertinent literature.

GSR deposition along the bullet path in contact shots to composite models.

In contact shots, all the materials emerging from the muzzle (combustion gases, soot, powder grains, and metals from the primer) will be driven into the depth of the entrance wound and the following sections of the bullet track. The so-called "pocket" ("powder cavity") under the skin containing soot and gunpowder particles is regarded as a significant indicator of a contact entrance wound since one would expect that the quantity of GSR deposited along the bullet's path rapidly declines towards the exit hole. Nevertheless, experience has shown that soot, powder particles, and carboxyhemoglobin may be found not only in the initial part of the wound channel, but also far away from the entrance and even at the exit.

Water solubility in aluminous orthopyroxene and the origin of Earth's asthenosphere.

Plate tectonics is based on the concept of rigid lithosphere plates sliding on a mechanically weak asthenosphere. Many models assume that the weakness of the asthenosphere is related to the presence of small amounts of hydrous melts. However, the mechanism that may cause melting in the asthenosphere is not well understood.