β-microglobulin triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation in tumor-associated macrophages to promote multiple myeloma progression.

As substantial constituents of the multiple myeloma (MM) microenvironment, pro-inflammatory macrophages have emerged as key promoters of disease progression, bone destruction, and immune impairment. We identify beta-2-microglobulin (β2m) as a driver in initiating inflammation in myeloma-associated macrophages (MAMs). Lysosomal accumulation of phagocytosed β2m promotes β2m amyloid aggregation in MAMs, resulting in lysosomal rupture and ultimately production of active interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18.

The IKZF1-IRF4/IRF5 Axis Controls Polarization of Myeloma-Associated Macrophages.

The bone marrow niche has a pivotal role in progression, survival, and drug resistance of multiple myeloma cells. Therefore, it is important to develop means for targeting the multiple myeloma bone marrow microenvironment. Myeloma-associated macrophages (MAM) in the bone marrow niche are M2 like.

Preservation of the limbal stem cell phenotype by appropriate culture techniques.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of several culture variables on clonal growth and differentiation of limbal stem cells ex vivo and provide an improved culture technique that supports preferential expansion and preservation of stem cells for therapeutic applications.

Methods: Corneal epithelial stem cells were isolated from human limbal specimens and clonally expanded on a 3T3 feeder layer, followed by subcultivation of holoclones on fibrin gels. The effect of different limbal regions, enzymatic dissociation methods, and culture media supplemented with different calcium, serum, and growth factor concentrations on colony-forming efficiency, colony size, and colony density was compared.