Stimulating leisure-time activities and the risk of dementia: a multi-cohort study.

Background: Stimulating activities are associated with a decreased risk of dementia. However, the extent to which this reflects a protective effect of activity or non-participation resulting from dementia is debated. We investigated the association of stimulating leisure-time activity in late adulthood with the risk of dementia across up to two decades' follow-up.

Association between risk of infant death and birth-weight z scores according to gestational age: A nationwide study using the Finnish Medical Birth Register.

Objective: To investigate the association between infant mortality and birth weight using estimated fetal weight (EFW) versus birth-weight charts, by gestational age (GA).

Methods: This nationwide population-based study used data from the Finnish Medical Birth Register from 2006 to 2016 on non-malformed singleton live births at 24-41 weeks of gestation (N = 563 630). The outcome was death in the first year of life.

Gestational age at birth and type 1 diabetes in childhood and young adulthood: a nationwide register study in Finland, Norway and Sweden.

Aims/hypothesis: Children and adults born preterm have an increased risk of type 1 diabetes. However, there is limited information on risk patterns across the full range of gestational ages, especially after extremely preterm birth (23-27 weeks of gestation). We investigated the risk of type 1 diabetes in childhood and young adulthood across the full range of length of gestation at birth.

Preterm birth and the risk of multimorbidity in adolescence: a multiregister-based cohort study.

Background: Multimorbidity affects people of all ages, but the risk factors of multimorbidity in adolescence are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine preterm birth (<37 weeks) as a shared risk factor for multiple health outcomes and the role of gestational age (degree of prematurity) in the development of increasingly complex multimorbidity (two, three, or four health outcomes) in adolescence (age 10-18 years).

Methods: We used population-wide data from Finland (1 187 610 adolescents born 1987-2006) and Norway (555 431 adolescents born 1998-2007).

Preterm birth and asthma and COPD in adulthood: a nationwide register study from two Nordic countries.

Background: Preterm birth affects lungs in several ways but few studies have follow-up until adulthood. We investigated the association of the entire spectrum of gestational ages with specialist care episodes for obstructive airway disease (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)) at age 18-50 years.

Methods: We used nationwide registry data on 706 717 people born 1987-1998 in Finland (4.

Working life sequences over the life course among 9269 women and men in Sweden; a prospective cohort study.

Objectives: To investigate working life courses in women and men and possible associations with socioeconomic, health-, and work-related factors.

Methods: A 15-year prospective cohort study of individuals aged 18-50 in paid work at baseline and answering the Swedish Living Conditions Surveys (2000-2003, N = 9269) and their annual economic activity, using nationwide registers. We used sequence and cluster analyses to identify and group similar working life sequences.

Clustering of disability pension and socioeconomic disadvantage in Sweden: a geospatial analysis.

Background: To characterize geospatial patterning of disadvantage in Sweden, we examined whether municipal-level indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage and disability pension (DP) rate were clustered, whether the different geospatial clusters were overlapping and whether the findings were similar among women and men.

Methods: Administrative national data from all 290 Swedish municipalities were used to determine the prevalence of DP and socioeconomic disadvantage [poverty, long-term unemployment, income inequality (GINI Index) and income inequality between women and men]. Geospatial cold spots (clusters of municipalities with a DP/socioeconomic disadvantage prevalence lower than the nationwide prevalence) and hot spots (clusters of municipalities with a DP/socioeconomic disadvantage higher than the nationwide prevalence) were identified, and whether a hot spot was overlapping with another hot spot and a cold spot overlapping with another cold spot were analysed using the Getis-Ord Gi statistics.

Clustering of social disadvantage with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adults: A register-based study in Sweden.

The clustering of social disadvantage with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in young adulthood is not well understood. We examined the clustering of ADHD with low educational attainment and unemployment in young adulthood; whether such clustering is stronger when unemployment is prolonged; and whether further clustering of disability pensioning, low education and unemployment occurs among those with ADHD. Data were obtained from Swedish health, demographic and social security registers from which 8,990 individuals with recorded ADHD diagnoses at the age of 10-35 and their 44,387 matched referents without mental disorders.

Preterm birth and the risk of chronic disease multimorbidity in adolescence and early adulthood: A population-based cohort study.

Background: People who were born prematurely have high risks of many individual diseases and conditions in the early part of the life course. However, our knowledge of the burden of multiple diseases (multimorbidity) among prematurely born individuals is limited. We aimed to investigate the risk and patterns of chronic disease multimorbidity in adolescence and early adulthood among individuals born across the spectrum of gestational ages, comparing preterm and full-term born individuals.

C-reactive protein and temperament: An instrumental variable analysis.

Background: Temperament is associated with circulating inflammatory biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), which has been associated with various health conditions, including depression. This study aims to investigate whether genetic disposition for increased circulating CRP concentration may influence temperament over the life-course.

Methods: Using a longitudinal cohort that began in 1980-the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS)-we included 920 participants (59.

Work Participation among Women and Men in Sweden: A Register Study of 8.5 Million Individuals.

Observational research studies from various countries suggest that women's working patterns across the life course are often fragmented compared to men's. The aim of our investigation was to use nationwide register data from Sweden to examine the extent to which generation and time of entry to the work force explain the sex differences in work participation across the life course. Our analyses were based on individual-level data on 4,182,581 women and 4,279,571 men, who were 19-69 years old and resident in Sweden in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, or 2015.

Association of neighbourhood deprivation with risks of major amputation and death following lower limb revascularisation.

Background And Aims: Individual-level socioeconomic deprivation is associated with an increased risk of adverse patient outcomes following cardiovascular disease interventions, but the role of area-level socioeconomic circumstances as a predictor for treatment outcomes is unclear. We have examined the association of neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation with risks of major lower limb amputation and death following surgical and endovascular lower limb revascularisation due to peripheral artery disease (PAD).

Methods: Patients aged 50+ years who underwent surgical or endovascular lower limb revascularisation for PAD were identified from Hospital Episode Statistics, a nationwide hospital data warehouse in England.

Job Strain as a Risk Factor for Peripheral Artery Disease: A Multi-Cohort Study.

Background Job strain is implicated in many atherosclerotic diseases, but its role in peripheral artery disease (PAD) is unclear. We investigated the association of job strain with hospital records of PAD, using individual-level data from 11 prospective cohort studies from Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. Methods and Results Job strain (high demands and low control at work) was self-reported at baseline (1985-2008).

Association of Healthy Lifestyle With Years Lived Without Major Chronic Diseases.

Importance: It is well established that selected lifestyle factors are individually associated with lower risk of chronic diseases, but how combinations of these factors are associated with disease-free life-years is unknown.

Objective: To estimate the association between healthy lifestyle and the number of disease-free life-years.

Design, Setting, And Participants: A prospective multicohort study, including 12 European studies as part of the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working Populations Consortium, was performed.

Changing Patterns of Carotid Endarterectomy Between 2011 and 2017 in England.

Background and Purpose- Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) reduces the risk of stroke in recently symptomatic patients and less so in asymptomatic patients. Recent evidence suggests that the number of CEAs may be declining. The aim of this study was to investigate annual patterns of CEA in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients in England from 2011 to 2017.

Physical activity and peripheral artery disease: Two prospective cohort studies and a systematic review.

Background And Aims: Physical activity is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and an important therapy in individuals with intermittent claudication. However, its role in the development of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is unclear. We have examined the evidence of the association between physical activity and development of PAD.

Obesity and loss of disease-free years owing to major non-communicable diseases: a multicohort study.

Background: Obesity increases the risk of several chronic diseases, but the extent to which the obesity-related loss of disease-free years varies by lifestyle category and across socioeconomic groups is unclear. We estimated the number of years free from major non-communicable diseases in adults who are overweight and obese, compared with those who are normal weight.

Methods: We pooled individual-level data on body-mass index (BMI) and non-communicable diseases from men and women with no initial evidence of these diseases in European cohort studies from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-Analysis in Working Populations consortium.

Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data.

Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis combined published study-level data and unpublished individual-participant data with the aim of quantifying the relation between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms. Methods We searched PubMed and Embase for published prospective cohort studies and included available cohorts with unpublished individual-participant data. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate summary estimates across studies.

Improving 1-Year Outcomes of Infrainguinal Limb Revascularization: Population-Based Cohort Study of 104 000 Patients in England.

Background: The availability and diversity of lower limb revascularization procedures have increased in England in the past decade. We investigated whether these developments in care have translated to improvements in patient pathways and outcomes.

Methods: Individual-patient records from Hospital Episode Statistics were used to identify 103 934 patients who underwent endovascular (angioplasty) or surgical (endarterectomy, profundaplasty, or bypass) lower limb revascularization for infrainguinal peripheral artery disease in England between January 2006 and December 2015.

Long working hours as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation: a multi-cohort study.

Aims: Studies suggest that people who work long hours are at increased risk of stroke, but the association of long working hours with atrial fibrillation, the most common cardiac arrhythmia and a risk factor for stroke, is unknown. We examined the risk of atrial fibrillation in individuals working long hours (≥55 per week) and those working standard 35-40 h/week.

Methods And Results: In this prospective multi-cohort study from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working Populations (IPD-Work) Consortium, the study population was 85 494 working men and women (mean age 43.

Effort-Reward Imbalance at Work and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: A Multicohort Study of 90,164 Individuals.

Background: Epidemiologic evidence for work stress as a risk factor for coronary heart disease is mostly based on a single measure of stressful work known as job strain, a combination of high demands and low job control. We examined whether a complementary stress measure that assesses an imbalance between efforts spent at work and rewards received predicted coronary heart disease.

Methods: This multicohort study (the "IPD-Work" consortium) was based on harmonized individual-level data from 11 European prospective cohort studies.

Job insecurity and risk of diabetes: a meta-analysis of individual participant data.

Background: Job insecurity has been associated with certain health outcomes. We examined the role of job insecurity as a risk factor for incident diabetes.

Methods: We used individual participant data from 8 cohort studies identified in 2 open-access data archives and 11 cohort studies participating in the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working Populations Consortium.

Long working hours and cancer risk: a multi-cohort study.

Background: Working longer than the maximum recommended hours is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the relationship of excess working hours with incident cancer is unclear.

Methods: This multi-cohort study examined the association between working hours and cancer risk in 116 462 men and women who were free of cancer at baseline. Incident cancers were ascertained from national cancer, hospitalisation and death registers; weekly working hours were self-reported.