How do Pregnant Women with Additional Health or Social Care Needs Experience Parenting Groups: Evidence from Delivery of Enhanced Triple P for Baby and Mellow Bumps as Part of the Trial of Healthy Relationships Initiatives in the Very Early Years (THRIVE).

There is still relatively little known about when, why, how and in what circumstances parenting interventions are effective. Support within the group context has been theorised as a key mechanism. This paper explores how pregnant women with additional health or social care needs participating in two group parenting interventions-Mellow Bumps or Enhanced Triple P for Babies-experienced being in a parenting group, and how this shaped how they engaged with the interventions; and it examines how group delivery may have facilitated or inhibited the effectiveness of the interventions, and for whom it did so.

Addressing sexual and reproductive health and rights with men in prisons: co-production and feasibility testing of a relationship, sexuality and future fatherhood education programme.

Purpose: Young incarcerated male offenders are at risk of poorer sexual health, adolescent parenthood and lack opportunities for formative relationship and sexuality education (RSE) as well as positive male role models. The purpose of this paper is to report the process of co-production and feasibility testing of a novel, gender-transformative RSE programme with young male offenders to encourage positive healthy relationships, gender equality, and future positive fatherhood.

Design/methodology/approach: Using a rights-based participatory approach, the authors co-produced an RSE programme with young offenders and service providers at two UK prison sites using a sequential research design of: needs analysis, co-production and a feasibility pilot.

The Case for Targeted Parenting Interventions with Reference to Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting: Qualitative Evidence from Three Studies of Marginalised Mothers' and Fathers' Participation in Parenting Programmes.

The idea that how you were parented is key to how you parent your own children is widely recognisable. It is present in popular cultural references, underpins much policy on families and parenting in the UK, and is supported by a substantive body of academic literature. We explore this concept of intergenerational transmission of parenting, understanding it as the context in which parenting interventions have been implemented.

Nonresident Fathers' and Grandparents' Early Years Support and Middle Childhood Socio-Emotional Adjustment.

Objective: This study investigates how different patterns of nonresident father support for children and mothers in the early years predict middle childhood adjustment, and whether grandparent support has compensating effects.

Background: Nonresident fathers' involvement in children's lives benefits socio-emotional adjustment, but it is unclear whether support directed at children is compromised by interparental tensions, or whether other factors may compensate for weaker patterns of father support.

Method: Latent class analyses identified patterns of nonresident father support for single mothers and their 34-month-old child (None 35%, Low 16%, Moderate 21%, High 28%) and grandparent support (Low 15%, Moderate Maternal 33%, High Maternal 43%, High Maternal and Paternal 9%), using a sample of 648 families from the Growing Up in Scotland cohort.

Correction to: Trial of healthy relationship initiatives for the very early years (THRIVE), evaluating Enhanced Triple P for Baby and Mellow Bumps for those with additional social and care needs during pregnancy and their infants who are at higher risk of maltreatment: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Following publication of the original article [1], it has been brought to our attention that an error was slipped into the article's title.

Trial of healthy relationship initiatives for the very early years (THRIVE), evaluating Enhanced Triple P for Baby and Mellow Bumps additional social and care needs during pregnancy and their infants who are at higher risk of maltreatment: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Growing evidence suggests that experiences in the early years play a major role in children's development in terms of health, wellbeing and educational attainment. The Trial of healthy relationship initiatives for the very early years (THRIVE) aims to evaluate two antenatal group interventions, Enhanced Triple P for Baby and Mellow Bumps, designed for those with additional health or social care needs in pregnancy. As both interventions aim to improve maternal mental health and parenting skills, we hypothesise that in the longer term, participation may lead to an improvement in children's life trajectories.

A realist process evaluation of Enhanced Triple P for Baby and Mellow Bumps, within a Trial of Healthy Relationship Initiatives for the Very Early years (THRIVE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Background: THRIVE is a three-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT) that aims to evaluate whether antenatal and early postnatal interventions, Enhanced Triple B for Baby (ETPB) plus care as usual (CAU) or Mellow Bumps (MB) plus CAU (versus CAU alone), can: 1) improve the mental health and well-being of pregnant women with complex health and social care needs; 2) improve mother-infant bonding and interaction; 3) reduce child maltreatment; and 4) improve child language acquisition. This paper focuses on THRIVE's realist process evaluation, which is carefully monitoring what is happening in the RCT.

Methods: Realistic evaluation provides the theoretical rationale for the process evaluation.

The reflective component of the Mellow Bumps parenting intervention: Implementation, engagement and mechanisms of change.

Understanding why parenting programmes work or do not work, and for whom, is crucial for development of more effective parenting interventions. In this paper we focus on a specific component of Mellow Bumps: reflection on one's own childhood/past/life. We explore how this component was implemented, how participants engaged with it, the facilitating and constraining factors shaping this, whether and how it appeared to work, or not, and for whom.

Recruiting, Retaining and Engaging Men in Social Interventions: Lessons for Implementation Focusing on a Prison-based Parenting Intervention for Young Incarcerated Fathers.

Recruiting, retaining and engaging men in social interventions can be challenging. The focus of this paper is the successful implementation of a parenting programme for incarcerated fathers, delivered in a Young Offender Institution (YOI) in Scotland. Reasons for high levels of recruitment, retention and engagement are explored, with barriers identified.

Patterns of HIV testing practices among young gay and bisexual men living in Scotland: a qualitative study.

Background: Increasing overall rates, and frequency, of HIV testing in populations at risk is a key public health objective and a critical dimension of HIV prevention efforts. In the UK, men who have sex with men (MSM) remain one of the communities most at risk of HIV and, within this, young gay men are a key risk group. Understanding HIV testing practices is important in the development of interventions to promote testing among young gay and bisexual men.

High and low contraceptive use amongst young male offenders: a qualitative interview study.

Objectives: There are high rates of fatherhood and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among young incarcerated men. Here we focus on a sample of men incarcerated in a Scottish Young Offender Institution, analysing their accounts of their contraceptive use. Those who report low or no use of contraception are compared with those who report high use.

Comparison of teenagers' early same-sex and heterosexual behavior: UK data from the SHARE and RIPPLE studies.

Purpose: North American research finds increased sexual risk-taking among teenagers with same-sex partners, but understanding of underlying processes is limited. The research carried out in the United Kingdom compares teenagers' early sexual experiences according to same- or opposite-sex partner, focusing on unwanted sex in addition to risk-taking, and exploring underlying psychosocial differences.

Methods: Multivariate analyses combined self-reported data from two randomized control trials of school sex education programs (N = 10,250).

Experiences of, and attitudes towards, pregnancy and fatherhood amongst incarcerated young male offenders: findings from a qualitative study.

Teenage parenthood is problematised in the UK. Attention is increasingly falling on the potential or actual father yet we still know relatively little about young men's experiences and attitudes in this area. This paper focuses on the experiences of, and attitudes towards, pregnancy and fatherhood amongst a sample of men incarcerated in a Scottish Young Offender Institute.

Contraception among girls who have had more than one partner by age 16 years: method use and pregnancy risk-taking behaviour.

Background: Attempts to address the 'problem' of teenage pregnancy need to further explore contraceptive use among young people at potentially greatest risk. We examine contraceptive use among a particularly vulnerable subgroup: girls who reported having had sex with more than one partner by age 16 years.

Methods: Females (n = 435) completed questionnaires as part of the Scottish SHARE school-based sex education trial, reporting on contraceptive use at three episodes of sexual intercourse: first, first with most recent partner, and most recent.

Self-reported sexually transmitted infection testing behaviour amongst incarcerated young male offenders: findings from a qualitative study.

Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major public health problem in the UK. Here we describe young men's self-reported STI testing behaviour, and explore why testing is and is not sought in two locales: the community and the Young Offender Institute (YOI).

Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 40 men, aged 16-20 years, whilst incarcerated in a Scottish YOI.

Young women's continued use of oral contraceptives over other hormonal methods: findings from a qualitative study.

Background: Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) have become more commonly promoted in the UK, but most young women still rely on the contraceptive pill. Here, we describe young women's accounts of hormonal contraceptive use to explore why this might be the case.

Methods: In-depth interviews with twenty 20-year-old women from eastern Scotland in the UK.

Young women and limits to the normalisation of condom use: a qualitative study.

Encouraging condom use among young women is a major focus of HIV/STI prevention efforts but the degree to which they see themselves as being at risk limits their use of the method. In this paper, we examine the extent to which condom use has become normalised among young women. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 year old women from eastern Scotland (N=20).

Young women's perceptions of pregnancy risk and use of emergency contraception: findings from a qualitative study.

Background: Advance provision of emergency contraception (EC) has increased use but not impacted on pregnancy or abortion rates. Here we describe young women's EC use and experiences of unprotected sex to explore why this difference occurs.

Methods: In-depth interviews with twenty 20-year-old women from eastern Scotland.

Young women under 16 years with experience of sexual intercourse: who becomes pregnant?

Background: The UK has the highest rate of teenage pregnancies in western Europe. Although there is a large body of literature focusing on predictors of conception among this age group, almost all the work compares those young women who have become pregnant with their peers, regardless of whether or not their peers have experienced sexual intercourse.

Objective: To compare 16-year-old young women who have become pregnant with their peers who also have experience of sexual intercourse, but who have not conceived.

Non-clinical and extra-legal influences on decisions about compulsory admission to psychiatric hospital.

Background: On the eve of reform of the 1983 Mental Health Act (MHA), little is known about how decisions to admit people under its powers are made.

Aims: To describe non-clinical and extra-legal influences on professionals' decisions about compulsory admission to psychiatric hospital.

Method: Participant-observation of MHA assessments, including informal and depth interviews with the practitioners involved, and follow-up interviews with the people who had been assessed.

Heterosexual risk behaviour among young teenagers in Scotland.

This paper provides the first detailed data on the heterosexual sexual experience of a large sample of 14-year-olds in Scotland. The paper investigates the prevalence, nature and correlates of early heterosexual intercourse, and the extent and correlates of condom use. Questionnaires were administered in 24 schools under examination conditions (N=7630).

Adolescents with mental health problems: what do they say about health services?

This study explored the health-related views and experiences of adolescent users of mental health services through semi-structured interviews with 32 14-20-year olds who had been diagnosed with a mental illness. The majority of respondents had both negative and positive things to say about their contact with health services. These relate to: the doctor-patient relationship, treatment received, the health-care system, and the environs of the hospital or clinic.

Limits of teacher delivered sex education: interim behavioural outcomes from randomised trial.

Objective: To determine whether a theoretically based sex education programme for adolescents (SHARE) delivered by teachers reduced unsafe sexual intercourse compared with current practice.

Design: Cluster randomised trial with follow up two years after baseline (six months after intervention). A process evaluation investigated the delivery of sex education and broader features of each school.

Implementation of a teacher-delivered sex education programme: obstacles and facilitating factors.

Interventions are unlikely to achieve their desired aims unless they are implemented as intended. This paper focuses on factors that impeded or facilitated the implementation of a specially designed sex education programme, SHARE, which 13 Scottish schools were allocated to deliver in a randomized trial. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data provided by teachers, we describe how this intervention was not fully implemented by all teachers or in all schools.