A review of electrochemical sensing in droplet systems: Droplet and digital microfluidics.

Background: Microfluidic technologies based on droplets provide discrete volumes within which chemical and/or biological processes can take place. Two major platforms in this space include droplet microfluidics (emulsions within channels) and digital microfluidics (discrete droplet manipulation by electric fields). The integration of electrochemical sensing with both microfluidic platforms offers advantages in miniaturization and portability, as sensors can be integrated directly within the microfluidic devices and instrumentation is relatively compact.