Meeting the need for post-stroke vision care in Australia: a scoping narrative review of current practice.

Purpose: Determine current vision care pathways and practices for stroke survivors in Australia and internationally, focusing on identifying reoccurring gaps in these pathways and unmet care needs.

Method: A scoping narrative review was conducted to identify literature related to post-stroke vision care practices and perspectives of patients and health professionals.

Results: A total of 16193 articles were retrieved and 28 deemed eligible for inclusion.

Time outdoors positively associates with academic performance: a school-based study with objective monitoring of outdoor time.

Background: To explore the relationship between outdoor time and academic performance among school-aged children.

Methods: This study was designed as a cross-sectional study. Data were derived from a school-based prospective children myopia intervention study (STORM).

Effect of Myopic Undercorrection on Habitual Reading Distance in Schoolchildren: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the habitual reading distance among non-myopic children and also myopic children with undercorrection and with full correction.

Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study with a total of 2363 children aged 6-8 years who were recruited from the Hong Kong Children Eye Study. Cycloplegic autorefraction, subjective refraction, habitual visual acuity, and best corrected visual acuity were measured.

Vision Screening in Children: The New South Wales Statewide Eyesight Preschooler Screening Program.

Purpose: The aim was to investigate universality of access, screening rate, and outcomes from the New South Wales (NSW) Statewide Eyesight Preschooler Screening (StEPS) over the period of 2009 to 2016.

Design: Cross-sectional, observational study.

Methods: The StEPS program provides vision screening to 4-year-old children residing in NSW and is administered within Local Health Districts (LHDs).

Validation of a vision-screening tool for use by nurses and other non-eye care health practitioners on stroke survivors.

: To validate a vision-screening tool for use by nurses and other non-eye care health practitioners (NECHP) to aid identification of visual deficits and ocular conditions in stroke survivors.: Stroke survivors were recruited from two metropolitan Sydney public hospitals who had no access to on-site eye care professionals. Those admitted for 3 days and who were able to provide clear responses were randomly allocated into two groups.

Time Outdoors in Reducing Myopia: A School-Based Cluster Randomized Trial with Objective Monitoring of Outdoor Time and Light Intensity.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of time outdoors per school day over 2 years on myopia onset and shift.

Design: A prospective, cluster-randomized, examiner-masked, 3-arm trial.

Participants: A total of 6295 students aged 6 to 9 years from 24 primary schools in Shanghai, China, stratified and randomized by school in a 1:1:1 ratio to control (n = 2037), test I (n = 2329), or test II (n = 1929) group.

IMI Risk Factors for Myopia.

Risk factor analysis provides an important basis for developing interventions for any condition. In the case of myopia, evidence for a large number of risk factors has been presented, but they have not been systematically tested for confounding. To be useful for designing preventive interventions, risk factor analysis ideally needs to be carried through to demonstration of a causal connection, with a defined mechanism.

Time spent outdoors in childhood is associated with reduced risk of myopia as an adult.

Myopia (near-sightedness) is an important public health issue. Spending more time outdoors can prevent myopia but the long-term association between this exposure and myopia has not been well characterised. We investigated the relationship between time spent outdoors in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood and risk of myopia in young adulthood.

Objective Quantification of Spontaneous Retinal Venous Pulsations Using a Novel Tablet-Based Ophthalmoscope.

Purpose: Dynamic assessment of retinal vascular characteristics can aid in identifying glaucoma-specific biomarkers. More specifically, a loss of spontaneous retinal venous pulsations (SVPs) has been reported in glaucoma, but a lack of readily available tools has limited the ability to explore the full potential of SVP analysis in glaucoma assessment. Advancements in smart technology have paved the way for the development of portable, noninvasive, and inexpensive imaging modalities.

Independent Influence of Parental Myopia on Childhood Myopia in a Dose-Related Manner in 2,055 Trios: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study.

Purpose: To determine the effects on childhood myopia of parental myopia, parental education, children's outdoor time, and children's near work.

Design: Population-based cross-sectional study.

Methods: A total of 6,155 subjects in 2,055 family trios (1 child and both parents).

Rationale and protocol for the 7- and 8-year longitudinal assessments of eye health in a cohort of young adults in the Raine Study.

Introduction: Eye diseases and visual impairment more commonly affect elderly adults, thus, the majority of ophthalmic cohort studies have focused on older adults. Cohort studies on the ocular health of younger adults, on the other hand, have been few. The Raine Study is a longitudinal study that has been following a cohort since their birth in 1989-1991.

Increased Time Outdoors Is Followed by Reversal of the Long-Term Trend to Reduced Visual Acuity in Taiwan Primary School Students.

Purpose: To investigate the change in the prevalence of reduced visual acuity (VA) in Taiwanese school children after a policy intervention promoting increased time outdoors.

Design: Prospective cohort study based on the Taiwan School Student Visual Acuity Screen (TSVAS) by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan.

Participants: All school children from grades 1 through 6 were enrolled in the TSVAS from 2001 through 2015.

Association of Parental Myopia With Higher Risk of Myopia Among Multiethnic Children Before School Age.

Importance: Parental myopia is an important risk factor for preschool myopia in Asian children. Further investigation of the association between parental myopia and early-onset myopia risk in other racial/ethnic groups, such as African American and Hispanic white children, could improve understanding of the etiology and treatment of this condition.

Objective: To investigate the association of parental myopia with refractive error and ocular biometry in multiethnic children aged 6 to 72 months.

Association of Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure With Dermatomyositis in a National Myositis Patient Registry.

Objective: Dermatomyositis (DM) has been associated with geospatial differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, but the role of individual determinants of UV exposure prior to diagnosis is unknown. The objective was to examine the role of those individual determinants.

Methods: We analyzed questionnaire data from 1,350 adults in a US national myositis registry (638 with DM, 422 with polymyositis [PM], and 290 with inclusion body myositis [IBM] diagnosed at ages 18-65 years), examining the likelihood of DM compared with PM and IBM diagnosis, in relation to self-reported sunburn history and job- and hobby-related sun exposures in the year prior to diagnosis.

Persistent visual disturbances after concussion.

Background: Ocular dysfunction, including eye movement defects, has been documented in up to 69% of patients with concussion. However, standard sports-related concussion assessment protocols do not typically include any clinical examination of the ocular system.

Objective: The aim of this article is to inform general practitioners (GPs) about ocular defects associated with concussion, identify test procedures and highlight the important role of GPs within the concussion paradigm.

Prevalence, Characteristics, and Risk Factors of Moderate or High Hyperopia among Multiethnic Children 6 to 72 Months of Age: A Pooled Analysis of Individual Participant Data.

Purpose: To describe the prevalence, ocular characteristics, and associated risk factors of moderate to high hyperopia in early childhood.

Design: Pooled analysis of individual participant data from population-based studies.

Participants: Six- to 72-month-old multiethnic children who participated in 4 population-based studies of pediatric eye diseases.

IMI - Clinical Management Guidelines Report.

Best practice clinical guidelines for myopia control involve an understanding of the epidemiology of myopia, risk factors, visual environment interventions, and optical and pharmacologic treatments, as well as skills to translate the risks and benefits of a given myopia control treatment into lay language for both the patient and their parent or caregiver. This report details evidence-based best practice management of the pre-, stable, and the progressing myope, including risk factor identification, examination, selection of treatment strategies, and guidelines for ongoing management. Practitioner considerations such as informed consent, prescribing off-label treatment, and guides for patient and parent communication are detailed.

Myopia: is the nature-nurture debate finally over?

In the nineteenth century, the prevalence of myopia began to rise, and Cohn stressed the role of education. Later, based on twin studies, Sorsby argued that refraction was almost totally genetically determined. This became the dominant view.

Gene-by-Psychosocial Factor Interactions Influence Diastolic Blood Pressure in European and African Ancestry Populations: Meta-Analysis of Four Cohort Studies.

Inter-individual variability in blood pressure (BP) is influenced by both genetic and non-genetic factors including socioeconomic and psychosocial stressors. A deeper understanding of the gene-by-socioeconomic/psychosocial factor interactions on BP may help to identify individuals that are genetically susceptible to high BP in specific social contexts. In this study, we used a genomic region-based method for longitudinal analysis, Longitudinal Gene-Environment-Wide Interaction Studies (LGEWIS), to evaluate the effects of interactions between known socioeconomic/psychosocial and genetic risk factors on systolic and diastolic BP in four large epidemiologic cohorts of European and/or African ancestry.

Bedroom allergen exposures in US households.

Background: Bedroom allergen exposures contribute to allergic disease morbidity because people spend considerable time in bedrooms, where they come into close contact with allergen reservoirs.

Objective: We investigated participant and housing characteristics, including sociodemographic, regional, and climatic factors, associated with bedroom allergen exposures in a nationally representative sample of the US population.

Methods: Data were obtained from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006.

The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention.

There is an epidemic of myopia in East and Southeast Asia, with the prevalence of myopia in young adults around 80-90%, and an accompanying high prevalence of high myopia in young adults (10-20%). This may foreshadow an increase in low vision and blindness due to pathological myopia. These two epidemics are linked, since the increasingly early onset of myopia, combined with high progression rates, naturally generates an epidemic of high myopia, with high prevalences of "acquired" high myopia appearing around the age of 11-13.

Cardiovascular Disease and Patterns of Change in Functional Status Over 15 Years: Findings From the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of premature disability, yet few prospective studies have examined functional status (FS) among persons with CVD. Our aim was to examine patterns of change in FS prior to and after hospitalization for nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure among members of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study cohort.

Methods And Results: FS was assessed using a modified Rosow-Breslau questionnaire administered during routine annual telephone interviews conducted from 1993 through 2007 among 15 277 ARIC study participants.