Substrate trapping proteomics reveals targets of the βTrCP2/FBXW11 ubiquitin ligase.

Defining the full complement of substrates for each ubiquitin ligase remains an important challenge. Improvements in mass spectrometry instrumentation and computation and in protein biochemistry methods have resulted in several new methods for ubiquitin ligase substrate identification. Here we used the parallel adapter capture (PAC) proteomics approach to study βTrCP2/FBXW11, a substrate adaptor for the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.

Effect of thymol or diphenyliodonium chloride on performance, gut fermentation characteristics, and campylobacter colonization in growing swine.

Food producing animals can be reservoirs of Campylobacter, a leading bacterial cause of human foodborne illness. Campylobacter spp. utilize amino acids as major carbon and energy substrates, a process that can be inhibited by thymol and diphenyliodonium chloride (DIC).

Influence of vitamin D on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in naturally colonized cattle.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of vitamin D on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle. In the first experiment, two groups of cattle (beef and dairy) were assigned to a control treatment or to receive 0.5 × 10(6) IU vitamin D per day via oral bolus for 10 days.

Co-stimulation with TLR3 and TLR21 ligands synergistically up-regulates Th1-cytokine IFN-γ and regulatory cytokine IL-10 expression in chicken monocytes.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system for various conserved pathogen-associated molecular motifs. Chicken TLR3 and TLR21 (avian equivalent to mammalian TLR9) recognize poly I:C (double-stranded RNA) and CpG-ODN (a CpG-motif containing oligodeoxydinucleotide), respectively. Interaction between TLR3 and TLR21 agonists poly I:C and CpG-ODN has been reported to synergize in expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the production of nitric oxide in chicken monocytes.

CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and double-stranded RNA synergize to enhance nitric oxide production and mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in chicken monocytes.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial components and initiate the innate immune responses that control microbial infections. The interaction between ligands of TLR3 and TLR9, poly I:C (an analog of viral double-stranded RNA) and CpG-ODN (a CpG-motif containing oligodeoxydinucleotide) on the inflammatory immune responses, including the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and chemokines IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, were investigated in chicken monocytes. The NO production was significantly higher when stimulated with a combination of CpG-ODN and poly I:C than with either CpG-ODN or poly I:C alone.

Chicken scavenger receptors and their ligand-induced cellular immune responses.

The scavenger receptors (SRs) comprise structurally and functionally divergent groups of cell surface and secreted proteins that play an important role in innate immune defenses. Searching translated chicken genomic databases revealed many proteins homologous to mammalian SRs. SR mediated immune functions (oxidative burst, degranulation, phagocytosis, nitric oxide (NO) production, and cytokine expression) were evaluated in chicken heterophils, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and a chicken macrophage cell line (HD11) using various SR class A and B ligands.

Differential mRNA expression of the avian-specific toll-like receptor 15 between heterophils from Salmonella-susceptible and -resistant chickens.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are essential for recognition of conserved molecular constituents found on infectious microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a critical component of the PRR repertoire and are coupled to downstream production of cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides by TLR adaptor proteins. Our laboratory previously demonstrated a role for TLR function in the differential innate response of two lines of chickens to bacterial infections.