Mass Incarceration, Maternal Vulnerability, and Birth Outcomes Across U.S. Counties.

Objectives: To examine the associations among mass incarceration, maternal vulnerability, and disparities in birth outcomes across U.S. counties, utilizing an ecological model and reproductive justice perspective was used.

Associations Between Sexual Minority Status, Hazardous Drinking, and Discrimination Experiences Among Criminal Legal-Involved Adults in the Southern PrEP Cohort (SPECS) Study.

Objective: Separately, individuals with criminal legal involvement (CLI) and those who identify as a sexual minority are at heightened risk for experiencing discrimination and engaging in hazardous alcohol use; however, little is known about the prevalence of these experiences and behaviors among sexual minority individuals who also have a history of CLI.

Method: We examined experiences of discrimination and hazardous alcohol use reported by individuals with CLI and compared prevalence between those who identify as a sexual minority and those who do not. Baseline, cross-sectional data of cisgender sexual minority individuals from a multisite, prospective cohort study examining pre-exposure prophylaxis acceptability and uptake among criminal legal-involved adults were analyzed ( = 362, 14% sexual minority).

Barriers and facilitators to health during prison reentry to Miami, FL.

Background: People face numerous barriers to reentry and community integration following incarceration, and these obstacles manifest themselves as barriers to economic stability, housing security, healthcare, community acceptance, and educational attainment, ultimately leading to poor health. This study aims to understand healthcare needs of reentrants post release within the unique political and service context of Miami Dade County, FL, and seeks to uncover the structural facilitators and barriers to sustaining health during reentry.

Methods: We report on a subset of data from a larger reentry asset mapping project.

Piloting a Flexible Solicited Diary Study With Marginalized Latina Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Little is known about the experiences of minority stress among Latina women who have sex with both women and men (WSWM), a sexual and gender minority group situated at the intersection of multiple marginalized identities. The current article presents an exploratory study aimed at addressing this knowledge gap. The research utilized a flexible diary-interview method (DIM) to investigate stress-related experiences among Mexican American WSWM residing in an economically disadvantaged community in the U.

United States county jail treatment and care of pregnant incarcerated persons with opioid use disorder.

Background: Standards of care for pregnant persons with opioid use disorder (OUD) have been published across multiple institutions specializing in obstetrics and addiction medicine. Yet, this population faces serious barriers in accessing medications for OUD (MOUD) while incarcerated. Therefore, we examined the availability of MOUD in jails.

Retention strategies among those on community supervision in the South: Lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objectives: Cohort studies must implement effective retention strategies to produce internally valid and generalizable results. Ensuring all study participants are retained, particularly those involved in the criminal legal system, ensures study findings and future interventions will be relevant to this group, who are often lost to follow-up: critical to achieving health equity. Our objective was to characterize retention strategies and describe overall retention among an 18-month longitudinal cohort study of persons on community supervision prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The opioid epidemic among the Latino population in California.

Background: The opioid epidemic in the United States has manifested differently across geographic regions and populations, with recent increases among racial/ethnic minorities and in the Western region of the U.S. This study provides an overview of the opioid overdose epidemic among Latinos in California and highlights high-risk areas in the state.

Multiple Disadvantage and Social Networks: Toward an Integrated Theory of Health Care Use During Reentry From Criminal Justice Settings.

Research consistently finds the disproportionate negative health impact of the criminal justice system on racial and ethnic minorities. Yet less is known about the underlying mechanisms of health care utilization during community reintegration. We contribute to the literature theoretically by integrating two perspectives: network theory of social capital and multiple disadvantage hypothesis and providing a more nuanced explanation of health service use during reentry.

Syndemic Profiles for HIV, Hepatitis C, and Sextually Transmitted Infections Among Mexican American Women Formerly Affiliated with Youth Street Gangs.

We examine syndemic profiles of intimate partner violence, mental health, drug use, incarceration, and infectious diseases (HIV, HCV, and STIs) among a sample of adult Mexican American women who were affiliated with youth street gangs during adolescence through their relationships to boys and men. Latent class analysis included multiple factors along the following dimensions: intimate partner violence, drug use, mental illness, and incarceration. Five unique syndemic profiles were found with varying associations to HIV, HCV, and STI: (1) no syndemic, (2) intimate partner violence, no syndemic, (3) drug use, mental health, and incarceration syndemic, (4) intimate partner violence, drug use (without injection drug use), and mental health syndemic, and (5) intimate partner violence, drug use with injection drug use, mental health, and incarceration syndemic.

Jail Health Care in the Southeastern United States From Entry to Release.

Unlabelled: Policy Points As a consequence of mass incarceration and related social inequities in the United States, jails annually incarcerate millions of people who have profound and expensive health care needs. Resources allocated for jail health care are scarce, likely resulting in treatment delays, limited access to care, lower-quality care, unnecessary use of emergency medical services (EMS) and emergency departments (EDs), and limited services to support continuity of care upon release. Potential policy solutions include alternative models for jail health care oversight and financing, and providing alternatives to incarceration, particularly for those with mental illness and substance use disorders.

COVID-19 community spread and consequences for prison case rates.

Background: COVID-19 and mass incarceration are closely intertwined with prisons having COVID-19 case rates much higher than the general population. COVID-19 has highlighted the relationship between incarceration and health, but prior work has not explored how COVID-19 spread in communities have influenced case rates in prisons. Our objective was to understand the relationship between COVID-19 case rates in the general population and prisons located in the same county.

Heterogeneity in Jail Nursing Medical Intake Forms: A Content Analysis.

Despite high prevalence of infectious diseases and substance use disorders in jails, there are limited guidelines for the nursing intake process in this setting. We performed a content analysis of nursing intake forms used at each of the 14 Massachusetts county jails, focusing on infectious disease and substance use disorder. Only 85% of jails offered HIV testing during nursing intake and 50% of jails offered hepatitis C testing.

Risk of COVID-19 infection among prison staff in the United States.

Background: Multiple large outbreaks of COVID-19 have been documented in prisons and jails across regions of the world, with hazardous environmental conditions amplify the risks of exposure for both incarcerated people and correctional staff. The objectives of this study are to estimate the cumulative prevalence of COVID-19 cases among U.S.

Mental Illness and Mental Health Care Treatment among People with Criminal Justice Involvement in the United States.

This study analyzes the effect of arrest and community supervision on mental health and mental health care using a U.S.-based nationally representative data from National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) and Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations.

Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Detention Facilities.

This cohort study describes the burden of coronavirus disease 2019 among people detained by US Immigration and Customs Enforcement compared with the US population.

Examination of multilevel domains of minority stress: Implications for drug use and mental and physical health among Latina women who have sex with women and men.

There has recently been growing attention and concern in the U.S. on the detrimental drug use and related health conditions impacting diverse sexual minority populations.

Incarceration Rates and Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in US Counties, 2011-2016.

To examine rates of sexually transmitted infections as a function of jail and prison incarceration rates across US counties for the years 2011 to 2016. We used data from several national databases. The outcomes were county-level chlamydia and gonorrhea incidence as reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012-2016).

Trajectories of heroin use: A 15-year retrospective study of Mexican-American men who were affiliated with gangs during adolescence.

Background: Heroin use is a public health concern in the United States. Despite the unique etiology and patterns of heroin use among U.S.

Interpersonal Partner Relationships, Bonds to Children, and Informal Social Control among Persistent Male Offenders.

This qualitative study applied a life course framework to characterize the nature of interpersonal partner relationships of Mexican American young adult men affiliated with street gangs during their adolescence. Data come from a 15-year longitudinal mixed-method cohort study conducted in San Antonio, Texas. We analyzed semi-structured interviews conducted with a subsample (n = 40) during the course of three face-to-face sessions to explore the men's motivations, aspirations, and goals to lead conventional lives, despite their criminal justice involvement.

Criminal Justice Contact and Health Service Utilization among Women across Health Care Settings: Analyzing the Role of Arrest.

Background: It is well-established in the United States that incarceration negatively influences women's health, and researchers have called for examinations of the health effects of criminal justice contact more broadly. This study uses the behavioral model for vulnerable populations to document the prevalence of illness and health risks for recently arrested women, and examines potential ways that illness and health risks are associated with health service use across health care settings.

Methods: We conducted a mediation analysis using pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2010-2014).

Biological Risk and Infection Profiles of Young Adult Male Mexican American Gang Members.

Objectives: Little research has examined the long-term health consequences of gang affiliation among Mexican Americans. The objectives of this study were to (1) measure biological indicators of cardiovascular and metabolic risk, as well as prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), in a sample of Mexican American men aged 25-40 who were affiliated with gangs as adolescents and (2) compare those indicators with a comparable national sample of Latino men.

Methods: Using bivariate analyses, we compared blood pressure, body mass index, 4 metabolic and cardiovascular indicators, and 4 infections for 179 Mexican American formerly gang-affiliated men in San Antonio, Texas, and 155 Mexican American men from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Behavioral, Psychological, Gender, and Health Service Correlates to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection among Young Adult Mexican-American Women Living in a Disadvantaged Community.

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is among the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections in the United States. Despite this, there has been limited research on the correlates to HSV-2 among disadvantaged and marginalized women, particularly among Latinas. Data for the present analysis include 125 young adult Mexican-American women enrolled in a longitudinal study in a disadvantaged urban community in San Antonio, Texas.