Thyroid cancer incidence in cohorts exposed in childhood to I released during the Windscale nuclear reactor accident at Sellafield, England, in 1957.

A fire in one of the Windscale nuclear reactors at Sellafield (Cumbria, England) in October 1957 released 1,800 TBq of I (half-life, 8 days) to atmosphere. Measurements of I activity in thyroids of exposed children showed typical thyroid doses of tens of milligray, but with some exceeding 100 mGy. Radiation exposure in childhood is known to increase the risk of thyroid cancer.

Subsequent cancers within 5 years from initial diagnosis of childhood cancer. Patterns and risks in the population of Great Britain.

Background: Patterns and risks of subsequent primary tumours (SPTs) among long-term survivors of childhood cancer have been extensively described, but much less is known about early SPTs (ESPTs) occurring within 5 years after initial diagnosis.

Procedure: We carried out a population-based study of ESPTs following childhood cancer throughout Britain, using the National Registry of Childhood Tumours. The full study series comprised all ESPTs occurring among 56,620 children whose initial cancer diagnosis was in the period 1971-2010.

Case-control study of paternal occupational exposures and childhood bone tumours and soft-tissue sarcomas in Great Britain, 1962-2010.

Background: This nationwide study investigated associations between paternal occupational exposure and childhood bone tumours and soft- tissue sarcomas.

Methods: The UK National Registry of Childhood Tumours provided cases of childhood sarcomas born and diagnosed in Great Britain, 1962-2010. Control births, unaffected by childhood cancer, were matched on sex, birth period and birth registration sub-district.

One-year outcomes of infants born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a national population cohort study.

Objective: To report outcomes to 1 year, in infants born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), explore factors associated with infant mortality and examine the relationship between surgical techniques and postoperative morbidity.

Design: Prospective national population cohort study.

Setting: Paediatric surgical centres in the UK and Ireland.

Case-control study of paternal occupational exposures and childhood lymphoma in Great Britain, 1962-2010.

Background: This nationwide study investigates associations between paternal occupational exposure and childhood lymphoma.

Methods: The UK National Registry of Childhood Tumours provided cases of childhood lymphoma born and diagnosed in Great Britain 1962-2010. Control births, unaffected by childhood cancer, were matched on sex, birth period and birth registration sub-district.

Childhood cancer research in Oxford II: The Childhood Cancer Research Group.

Background: We summarise the work of the Childhood Cancer Research Group, particularly in relation to the UK National Registry of Childhood Tumours (NRCT).

Methods: The Group was responsible for setting up and maintaining the NRCT. This registry was based on notifications from regional cancer registries, specialist children's tumour registries, paediatric oncologists and clinical trials organisers.

Childhood cancer research in oxford III: The work of CCRG on ionising radiation.

Background: High doses of ionising radiation are a known cause of childhood cancer and great public and professional interest attaches to possible links between childhood cancer and lower doses, particularly of man-made radiation. This paper describes work done by the Childhood Cancer Research Group (CCRG) on this topic METHODS: Most UK investigations have made use of the National Registry of Childhood Tumours and associated controls. Epidemiological investigations have included national incidence and mortality analyses, geographical investigations, record linkage and case-control studies.

Risks of ovarian, breast, and corpus uteri cancer in women treated with assisted reproductive technology in Great Britain, 1991-2010: data linkage study including 2.2 million person years of observation.

Objective: To investigate the risks of ovarian, breast, and corpus uteri cancer in women who have had assisted reproduction.

Design: Large, population based, data linkage cohort study.

Setting And Participants: All women who had assisted reproduction in Great Britain, 1991-2010, as recorded by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

Proximity to overhead power lines and childhood leukaemia: an international pooled analysis.

Background: Although studies have consistently found an association between childhood leukaemia risk and magnetic fields, the associations between childhood leukaemia and distance to overhead power lines have been inconsistent. We pooled data from multiple studies to assess the association with distance and evaluate whether it is due to magnetic fields or other factors associated with distance from lines.

Methods: We present a pooled analysis combining individual-level data (29,049 cases and 68,231 controls) from 11 record-based studies.

Variation with socioeconomic status of indoor radon levels in Great Britain: The less affluent have less radon.

We demonstrate a strong correlation between domestic radon levels and socio-economic status (SES) in Great Britain, so that radon levels in homes of people with lower SES are, on average, only about two thirds of those of the more affluent. This trend is apparent using small area measures of SES and also using individual social classes. The reasons for these differences are not known with certainty, but may be connected with greater underpressure in warmer and better-sealed dwellings.

Infant birthweight and risk of childhood cancer: international population-based case control studies of 40 000 cases.

Background: High birthweight is an established risk factor for childhood leukaemia. Its association with other childhood cancers is less clear, with studies hampered by low case numbers.

Methods: We used two large independent datasets to explore risk associations between birthweight and all subtypes of childhood cancer.

Cancer risk among children born after assisted conception.

Background: Accurate population-based data are needed on the incidence of cancer in children born after assisted conception.

Methods: We linked data on all children born in Britain between 1992 and 2008 after assisted conception without donor involvement with data from the United Kingdom National Registry of Childhood Tumours to determine the number of children in whom cancer developed before 15 years of age. Cohort cancer rates were compared with population-based rates in Britain over the same period, with stratification for potential mediating and moderating factors, including sex, age at diagnosis, birth weight, singleton versus multiple birth, parity, parental age, type of assisted conception, and cause of parental infertility.

Familial aggregation of childhood and adult cancer in the Utah genealogy.

A small proportion of childhood cancer is attributable to known hereditary syndromes, but whether there is any familial component to the remainder remains uncertain. We explored familial aggregation of cancer in a population-based case-control study using genealogical record linkage and designed to overcome limitations of previous studies. Subjects were selected from the Utah Population Database.

Intrauterine growth and childhood leukemia and lymphoma risk.

Leukemias and lymphomas account for nearly half of all childhood cancers. Although there have been major advances in the treatment of these diseases, what causes them remains largely unknown. There is strong evidence to suggest that leukemia originates in utero, and early life factors may play a role in its etiology.

Immunophenotype and cytogenetic characteristics in the relationship between birth weight and childhood leukemia.

Background: High birth weight increases the risk of childhood acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) through unknown mechanisms. Whether this risk is specific to ALL subtypes is unknown, and low case numbers have prevented investigation of the rarer leukemias. Here we address these associations using a large population-based dataset.