Thyroid cancer incidence in cohorts exposed in childhood to I released during the Windscale nuclear reactor accident at Sellafield, England, in 1957.

A fire in one of the Windscale nuclear reactors at Sellafield (Cumbria, England) in October 1957 released 1,800 TBq of I (half-life, 8 days) to atmosphere. Measurements of I activity in thyroids of exposed children showed typical thyroid doses of tens of milligray, but with some exceeding 100 mGy. Radiation exposure in childhood is known to increase the risk of thyroid cancer.

Impact of maternal risk factors on ethnic disparities in maternal mortality: a national population-based cohort study.

Background: Ethnic disparities in maternal mortality are consistently reported. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of known risk factors including age, socioeconomic status, and medical comorbidities to observed ethnic disparities in the United Kingdom (UK).

Methods: A cohort of all women who died during or up to six weeks after pregnancy in the UK 2009-2019 were identified through national surveillance.

Severity of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection and perinatal outcomes of women admitted to hospital during the omicron variant dominant period using UK Obstetric Surveillance System data: prospective, national cohort study.

Objectives: To describe the severity of maternal infection when the omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant (B.1.1.

Severity of maternal infection and perinatal outcomes during periods of SARS-CoV-2 wildtype, alpha, and delta variant dominance in the UK: prospective cohort study.

Objective: To compare the severity of maternal infection and perinatal outcomes during periods in which wildtype, alpha variant, and delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 were dominant in the UK.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: 194 obstetric units across the UK, during the following periods: between 1 March and 30 November 2020 (wildtype dominance), between 1 December 2020 and 15 May 2021 (alpha variant dominance), and between 16 May and 31 October 2021 (delta variant dominance).

Subsequent cancers within 5 years from initial diagnosis of childhood cancer. Patterns and risks in the population of Great Britain.

Background: Patterns and risks of subsequent primary tumours (SPTs) among long-term survivors of childhood cancer have been extensively described, but much less is known about early SPTs (ESPTs) occurring within 5 years after initial diagnosis.

Procedure: We carried out a population-based study of ESPTs following childhood cancer throughout Britain, using the National Registry of Childhood Tumours. The full study series comprised all ESPTs occurring among 56,620 children whose initial cancer diagnosis was in the period 1971-2010.

Management and implications of severe COVID-19 in pregnancy in the UK: data from the UK Obstetric Surveillance System national cohort.

Introduction: There is a lack of population level data on risk factors and impact of severe COVID-19 in pregnancy. The aims of this study were to determine the characteristics, and maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with severe COVID-19 in pregnancy compared with those with mild and moderate COVID-19 and to explore the impact of timing of birth.

Material And Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a national, prospective cohort study.

A national cohort study and confidential enquiry to investigate ethnic disparities in maternal mortality.

Background: Ethnic disparities in maternal mortality were first documented in the UK in the early 2000s but are known to be widening. This project aimed to describe the women who died in the UK during or up to a year after the end of pregnancy, to compare the quality of care received by women from different aggregated ethnic groups, and to identify any structural or cultural biases or discrimination affecting their care.

Methods: National surveillance data was used to identify all 1894 women who died during or up to a year after the end of pregnancy between 2009 and 18 in the UK.

The incidence, characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women hospitalized with symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in the UK from March to September 2020: A national cohort study using the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS).

Background: There is a lack of population level data on risk factors, incidence and impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women and their babies. The primary aim of this study was to describe the incidence, characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized pregnant women with symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 in the UK compared to pregnant women without SARS-CoV-2.

Methods And Findings: We conducted a national, prospective cohort study of all hospitalized pregnant women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 from 01/03/2020 to 31/08/2020 using the UK Obstetric Surveillance System.

Incidence, risk factors and impact of seasonal influenza in pregnancy: A national cohort study.

Background: Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to severe infection from influenza resulting in poor neonatal outcomes. The majority of evidence relates to pandemic 2009 A/H1N1 influenza. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women hospitalised with seasonal influenza.

Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK: national population based cohort study.

Objectives: To describe a national cohort of pregnant women admitted to hospital with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the UK, identify factors associated with infection, and describe outcomes, including transmission of infection, for mothers and infants.

Design: Prospective national population based cohort study using the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS).

Setting: All 194 obstetric units in the UK.

Case-control study of paternal occupational exposures and childhood bone tumours and soft-tissue sarcomas in Great Britain, 1962-2010.

Background: This nationwide study investigated associations between paternal occupational exposure and childhood bone tumours and soft- tissue sarcomas.

Methods: The UK National Registry of Childhood Tumours provided cases of childhood sarcomas born and diagnosed in Great Britain, 1962-2010. Control births, unaffected by childhood cancer, were matched on sex, birth period and birth registration sub-district.

A national population-based cohort study to investigate inequalities in maternal mortality in the United Kingdom, 2009-17.

Background: Disparities have been documented in maternal mortality rates between women from different ethnic, age and socio-economic groups in the UK. It is unclear whether there are differential changes in these rates amongst women from different groups over time. The objectives of this analysis were to describe UK maternal mortality rates in different age, ethnic and socio-economic groups between 2009 and 2017, and to identify whether there were changes in the observed inequalities, or different trends amongst population subgroups.

One-year outcomes of infants born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a national population cohort study.

Objective: To report outcomes to 1 year, in infants born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), explore factors associated with infant mortality and examine the relationship between surgical techniques and postoperative morbidity.

Design: Prospective national population cohort study.

Setting: Paediatric surgical centres in the UK and Ireland.

Case-control study of paternal occupational exposures and childhood lymphoma in Great Britain, 1962-2010.

Background: This nationwide study investigates associations between paternal occupational exposure and childhood lymphoma.

Methods: The UK National Registry of Childhood Tumours provided cases of childhood lymphoma born and diagnosed in Great Britain 1962-2010. Control births, unaffected by childhood cancer, were matched on sex, birth period and birth registration sub-district.

Systematic review to investigate the safety of induction and augmentation of labour among pregnant women with iron-deficiency anaemia.

Objective: To conduct a systematic review to investigate the safety of induction and/or augmentation of labour compared with spontaneous-onset normal labour among pregnant women with iron-deficiency anaemia.

Design: Systematic review.

Setting: Studies from all countries, worldwide.

Childhood cancer research in Oxford II: The Childhood Cancer Research Group.

Background: We summarise the work of the Childhood Cancer Research Group, particularly in relation to the UK National Registry of Childhood Tumours (NRCT).

Methods: The Group was responsible for setting up and maintaining the NRCT. This registry was based on notifications from regional cancer registries, specialist children's tumour registries, paediatric oncologists and clinical trials organisers.

Childhood cancer research in oxford III: The work of CCRG on ionising radiation.

Background: High doses of ionising radiation are a known cause of childhood cancer and great public and professional interest attaches to possible links between childhood cancer and lower doses, particularly of man-made radiation. This paper describes work done by the Childhood Cancer Research Group (CCRG) on this topic METHODS: Most UK investigations have made use of the National Registry of Childhood Tumours and associated controls. Epidemiological investigations have included national incidence and mortality analyses, geographical investigations, record linkage and case-control studies.

Risks of ovarian, breast, and corpus uteri cancer in women treated with assisted reproductive technology in Great Britain, 1991-2010: data linkage study including 2.2 million person years of observation.

Objective: To investigate the risks of ovarian, breast, and corpus uteri cancer in women who have had assisted reproduction.

Design: Large, population based, data linkage cohort study.

Setting And Participants: All women who had assisted reproduction in Great Britain, 1991-2010, as recorded by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

Proximity to overhead power lines and childhood leukaemia: an international pooled analysis.

Background: Although studies have consistently found an association between childhood leukaemia risk and magnetic fields, the associations between childhood leukaemia and distance to overhead power lines have been inconsistent. We pooled data from multiple studies to assess the association with distance and evaluate whether it is due to magnetic fields or other factors associated with distance from lines.

Methods: We present a pooled analysis combining individual-level data (29,049 cases and 68,231 controls) from 11 record-based studies.

A comparison of intrapartum interventions and adverse outcomes by parity in planned freestanding midwifery unit and alongside midwifery unit births: secondary analysis of 'low risk' births in the birthplace in England cohort.

Background: For low risk women, there is good evidence that planned birth in a midwifery unit is associated with a reduced risk of maternal interventions compared with planned birth in an obstetric unit. Findings from the Birthplace cohort study have been interpreted by some as suggesting a reduced risk of interventions in planned births in freestanding midwifery units (FMUs) compared with planned births in alongside midwifery units (AMUs). However, possible differences have not been robustly investigated using individual-level Birthplace data.