Progressive loss of anti-HER2 CD4 T-helper type 1 response in breast tumorigenesis and the potential for immune restoration.

Genomic profiling has identified several molecular oncodrivers in breast tumorigenesis. A thorough understanding of endogenous immune responses to these oncodrivers may provide insights into immune interventions for breast cancer (BC). We investigated systemic anti-HER2/ CD4 T-helper type-1 (Th1) responses in HER2-driven breast tumorigenesis.

Attitude and perceptions of the other underrepresented minority in surgery.

Objective: To perform a national climate survey of general surgery residents regarding attitudes and perceptions of the influence of sexual orientation on the training experience.

Methods: A cross-sectional voluntary online survey was distributed to all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited general surgery programs. Residents self-identified as heterosexual, lesbian, gay, or bisexual.