Corrigendum: The olfactory tract: Basis for future evolution in response to rapidly changing ecological niches.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.

The U.S. Armed Services Blood Program support to U.S. Central Command 2014-2021: Transformation of combat trauma resuscitation through blood product innovation and expansion of blood availability far forward.

Background: The United States Armed Services Blood Program (ASBP) faced complex blood supply challenges during two decades of military operations in the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) and through an adaptive, responsive, and agile system, gained valuable insights on blood product usage in combat casualty care.

The Olfactory Organ Is a Unique Site for Neutrophils in the Brain.

In the vertebrate olfactory tract new neurons are continuously produced throughout life. It is widely believed that neurogenesis contributes to learning and memory and can be regulated by immune signaling molecules. Proteins originally identified in the immune system have subsequently been localized to the developing and adult nervous system.

The Olfactory Tract: Basis for Future Evolution in Response to Rapidly Changing Ecological Niches.

Within the forebrain the olfactory sensory system is unique from other sensory systems both in the projections of the olfactory tract and the ongoing neurogenic potential, characteristics conserved across vertebrates. Olfaction plays a crucial role in behaviors such as mate choice, food selection, homing, escape from predators, among others. The olfactory forebrain is intimately associated with the limbic system, the region of the brain involved in learning, memory, and emotions through interactions with the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system.

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (Gnrh) Triggers Neurogenesis in the Hypothalamus of Adult Zebrafish.

Recently, it has been shown in adult mammals that the hypothalamus can generate new cells in response to metabolic changes, and tanycytes, putative descendants of radial glia, can give rise to neurons. Previously we have shown in vitro that neurospheres generated from the hypothalamus of adult zebrafish show increased neurogenesis in response to exogenously applied hormones. To determine whether adult zebrafish have a hormone-responsive tanycyte-like population in the hypothalamus, we characterized proliferative domains within this region.

The Olfactory Organ Is Populated by Neutrophils and Macrophages During Early Development.

The immune system of vertebrates is characterized by innate and adaptive immunity that function together to form the natural defense system of the organism. During development innate immunity is the first to become functional and is mediated primarily by phagocytic cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. In the olfactory sensory system, the same sensory neurons in contact with the external environment have their first synapse within the central nervous system.

Dissecting the neural divide: a continuous neurectoderm gives rise to the olfactory placode and bulb.

The olfactory epithelia arise from morphologically identifiable structures called olfactory placodes. Sensory placodes are generally described as being induced from the ectoderm suggesting that their development is separate from the coordinated cell movements generating the central nervous system. Previously, we have shown that the olfactory placodes arise from a large field of cells bordering the telencephalic precursors in the neural plate, and that cell movements, not cell division, underlie olfactory placode morphogenesis.

Neuroendocrinology of reproduction: Is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) dispensable?

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a highly conserved neuroendocrine decapeptide that is essential for the onset of puberty and the maintenance of the reproductive state. First identified in mammals, the GnRH signaling pathway is found in all classes of vertebrates; homologues of GnRH have also been identified in invertebrates. In addition to its role as a hypothalamic releasing hormone, GnRH has multiple functions including modulating neural activity within specific regions of the brain.

Changes in Olfactory Receptor Expression Are Correlated With Odor Exposure During Early Development in the zebrafish (Danio rerio).

We have previously shown that exposure to phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) causes an increase in the expression of the transcription factor otx2 in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of juvenile zebrafish, and this change is correlated with the formation of an odor memory of PEA. Here, we show that the changes in otx2 expression are specific to βPEA: exposure to αPEA did not affect otx2 expression. We identified 34 olfactory receptors (ORs) representing 16 families on 4 different chromosomes as candidates for direct regulation of OR expression via Otx2.

Zebrafish adult-derived hypothalamic neurospheres generate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a hypothalamic decapeptide essential for fertility in vertebrates. Human male patients lacking GnRH and treated with hormone therapy can remain fertile after cessation of treatment suggesting that new GnRH neurons can be generated during adult life. We used zebrafish to investigate the neurogenic potential of the adult hypothalamus.

The loss of scents: do defects in olfactory sensory neuron development underlie human disease?

The olfactory system is a fascinating and beguiling sensory system: olfactory sensory neurons detect odors underlying behaviors essential for mate choice, food selection, and escape from predators, among others. These sensory neurons are unique in that they have dendrites contacting the outside world, yet their first synapse lies in the central nervous system. The information entering the central nervous system is used to create odor memories that play a profound role in recognition of individuals, places, and appropriate foods.

Zebrafish invade Valparaiso: third meeting and symposium of the Latin American zebrafish network.

Zebrafish are an excellent model system for research and teaching. Because of their relatively low maintenance costs, beautiful and bountiful embryos, and tool box of molecular genetic technique, zebrafish are ideal for countries with smaller research budgets and less well-developed science infrastructure. For these reasons, zebrafish are growing in popularity as a model system for research in Latin America.

Zebrafish Invade Valparaiso: Third Meeting and Symposium of the Latin American Zebrafish Network.

Abstract Zebrafish are an excellent model system for research and teaching. Because of their relatively low maintenance costs, beautiful and bountiful embryos, and tool box of molecular genetic technique, zebrafish are ideal for countries with smaller research budgets and less well-developed science infrastructure. For these reasons, zebrafish are growing in popularity as a model system for research in Latin America.

Olfactory sensory system develops from coordinated movements within the neural plate.

Background: The peripheral olfactory sensory system arises from morphologically identifiable structures called placodes. Placodes are relatively late developing structures, evident only well after the initiation of somitogenesis. Placodes are generally described as being induced from the ectoderm suggesting that their development is separate from the coordinated cell movements generating the central nervous system.

Quantitative analysis of cell migration using optical flow.

Neural crest cells exhibit dramatic migration behaviors as they populate their distant targets. Using a line of zebrafish expressing green fluorescent protein (sox10:EGFP) in neural crest cells we developed an assay to analyze and quantify cell migration as a population, and use it here to characterize in detail the subtle defects in cell migration caused by ethanol exposure during early development. The challenge was to quantify changes in the in vivo migration of all Sox10:EGFP expressing cells in the visual field of time-lapse movies.

The Armed Services Blood Program: blood support to combat casualty care 2001 to 2011.

Background: The Armed Services Blood Program (ASBP) provides the farthest-reaching blood supply in the world. This article provides statistics and a review of blood operations in support of combat casualty care during the last 10 years. It also outlines changes in blood doctrine in support of combat casualty care.

Close association of olfactory placode precursors and cranial neural crest cells does not predestine cell mixing.

Vertebrate sensory organs originate from both cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) and placodes. Previously, we have shown that the olfactory placode (OP) forms from a large field of cells extending caudally to the premigratory neural crest domain, and that OPs form through cell movements and not cell division. Concurrent with OP formation, CNCCs migrate rostrally to populate the frontal mass.

Food and conspecific chemical cues modify visual behavior of zebrafish, Danio rerio.

Animals use the different qualities of olfactory and visual sensory information to make decisions. Ethological and electrophysiological evidence suggests that there is cross-modal priming between these sensory systems in fish. We present the first experimental study showing that ecologically relevant chemical mixtures alter visual behavior, using adult male and female zebrafish, Danio rerio.

Zebrafish preference for light or dark is dependent on ambient light levels and olfactory stimulation.

Zebrafish have been shown to have preference for light or dark environments depending on the ambient light level and the presence or absence of food odor. We used a cylindrical tank, half of which was surrounded by a black surface and the other half by white, to elicit a choice from individual wild-type, adult zebrafish. One treatment group was exposed to food odor and the other to water (as a control) at the beginning of the trial.

Transgenic expression of walleye dermal sarcoma virus rv-cyclin (orfA) in zebrafish does not result in tissue proliferation.

Walleye dermal sarcoma (WDS) is a benign tumor of walleye fish that develops and completely regresses seasonally. The retrovirus associated with this disease, walleye dermal sarcoma virus, encodes three accessory genes, two of which, rv-cyclin (orfA) and orfb, are thought to play a role in tumor development. In this study, we attempted to recapitulate WDS development by expressing rv-cyclin in chimeric and stable transgenic zebrafish.

The sense of scents: olfactory behaviors in the zebrafish.

The olfactory sensory system is perhaps the most intriguing of the sensory systems making up the peripheral nervous system. Understanding how olfactory sensory stimuli result in behaviors relevant to the animal is made complicated by the fact that olfactory stimuli are more difficult to quantify than light and sound stimuli. Furthermore, in all vertebrates the olfactory sensory neurons regenerate throughout life, presenting a fascinating problem of how both the functional repertoire of olfactory sensory neurons and fidelity of connections to the central nervous system are maintained.

Expression, structure, function, and evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors GnRH-R1SHS and GnRH-R2PEY in the teleost, Astatotilapia burtoni.

Multiple GnRH receptors are known to exist in nonmammalian species, but it is uncertain which receptor type regulates reproduction via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The teleost fish, Astatotilapia burtoni, is useful for identifying the GnRH receptor responsible for reproduction, because only territorial males reproduce. We have cloned a second GnRH receptor in A.

Olfactory imprinting is correlated with changes in gene expression in the olfactory epithelia of the zebrafish.

Odors experienced as juveniles can have significant effects on the behavior of mature organisms. A dramatic example of this occurs in salmon, where the odors experienced by developing fish determine the river to which they return as adults. Further examples of olfactory memories are found in many animals including vertebrates and invertebrates.

A role for foxd3 and sox10 in the differentiation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells in the zebrafish Danio rerio.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is found in a wide range of vertebrate tissues, including the nervous system. In general, GnRH has two functions: endocrine, acting as a releasing hormone; and neuromodulatory, affecting neural activity in the peripheral and central nervous system. The best understood population of GnRH cells is that of the hypothalamus, which is essential for reproduction.