A new type of carboxysomal carbonic anhydrase in sulfur chemolithoautotrophs from alkaline environments.

Unlabelled: Autotrophic bacteria are able to fix CO in a great diversity of habitats, even though this dissolved gas is relatively scarce at neutral pH and above. As many of these bacteria rely on CO fixation by ribulose 1,5-bisphospate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) for biomass generation, they must compensate for the catalytical constraints of this enzyme with CO-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). CCMs consist of CO and HCO transporters and carboxysomes.

Corrigendum: Atypical carboxysome loci: JEEPs or junk?

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.

Widespread dissolved inorganic carbon-modifying toolkits in genomes of autotrophic and and how they are likely to bridge supply from the environment to demand by autotrophic pathways.

Using dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) as a major carbon source, as autotrophs do, is complicated by the bedeviling nature of this substance. Autotrophs using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle (CBB) are known to make use of a toolkit comprised of DIC transporters and carbonic anhydrase enzymes (CA) to facilitate DIC fixation. This minireview provides a brief overview of the current understanding of how toolkit function facilitates DIC fixation in and some using the CBB and continues with a survey of the DIC toolkit gene presence in organisms using different versions of the CBB and other autotrophic pathways (reductive citric acid cycle, Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, hydroxypropionate bicycle, hydroxypropionate-hydroxybutyrate cycle, and dicarboxylate-hydroxybutyrate cycle).

Cognitive Symptom Awareness Among Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Using a Mobile Application.

Purpose: Cognitive impairment is a common complication in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Using a mobile application has been shown to improve patient's awareness of cognitive symptoms. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to improve awareness of cognitive symptoms in adult patients with MS using a mobile application.

Dual Nanoparticle Conjugates for Highly Sensitive and Versatile Sensing Using F Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Fluorine magnetic resonance imaging ( F MRI) has emerged as an attractive alternative to conventional H MRI due to enhanced specificity deriving from negligible background signal in this modality. We report a dual nanoparticle conjugate (DNC) platform as an aptamer-based sensor for use in F MRI. DNC consists of core-shell nanoparticles with a liquid perfluorocarbon core and a mesoporous silica shell ( F-MSNs), which give a robust F MR signal, and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as magnetic quenchers.

Transgenic ferret models define pulmonary ionocyte diversity and function.

Speciation leads to adaptive changes in organ cellular physiology and creates challenges for studying rare cell-type functions that diverge between humans and mice. Rare cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-rich pulmonary ionocytes exist throughout the cartilaginous airways of humans, but limited presence and divergent biology in the proximal trachea of mice has prevented the use of traditional transgenic models to elucidate ionocyte functions in the airway. Here we describe the creation and use of conditional genetic ferret models to dissect pulmonary ionocyte biology and function by enabling ionocyte lineage tracing (FOXI1-Cre::ROSA-TG), ionocyte ablation (FOXI1-KO) and ionocyte-specific deletion of CFTR (FOXI1-Cre::CFTR).

tracks and horses' toes: the evolution of the equid single hoof.

The traditional story of the evolution of the horse (family Equidae) has been in large part about the evolution of their feet. How did modern horses come to have a single toe (digit III), with the hoof bearing a characteristic V-shaped keratinous frog on the sole, and what happened to the other digits? While it has long been known that the proximal portions of digits II and IV are retained as the splint bones, a recent hypothesis suggested that the distal portion of these digits have also been retained as part of the frog, drawing upon the famous Laetoli footprints of the tridactyl (three-toed) equid as part of the evidence. We show here that, while there is good anatomical and embryological evidence for the proximal portions of all the accessory digits (i.

Atypical Carboxysome Loci: JEEPs or Junk?

Carboxysomes, responsible for a substantial fraction of CO fixation on Earth, are proteinaceous microcompartments found in many autotrophic members of domain , primarily from the phyla and . Carboxysomes facilitate CO fixation by the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, particularly under conditions where the CO concentration is variable or low, or O is abundant. These microcompartments are composed of an icosahedral shell containing the enzymes ribulose 1,5-carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) and carbonic anhydrase.

sp. nov. and sp. nov.: novel sulphur-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs isolated from the chemocline of Hospital Hole, an anchialine sinkhole in Spring Hill, Florida, USA.

Two sulphur-oxidizing, chemolithoautotrophic aerobes were isolated from the chemocline of an anchialine sinkhole located within the Weeki Wachee River of Florida. Gram-stain-negative cells of both strains were motile, chemotactic rods. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and predicted amino acid sequences of ribosomal proteins, average nucleotide identities, and alignment fractions suggest the strains HH1 and HH3 represent novel species belonging to the genus .

Cluttering in the Speech of Young Men With Fragile X Syndrome.

Purpose: Cluttering is a fluency disorder that has been noted clinically in individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Yet, cluttering has not been systematically characterized in this population, hindering identification and intervention efforts. This study examined the rates of cluttering in male young adults with FXS using expert clinical opinion, the alignment between expert clinical opinion and objectively quantified features of cluttering from language transcripts, and the association between cluttering and aspects of the FXS phenotype.

Phase 2 studies of lenalidomide, subcutaneous bortezomib, and dexamethasone as induction therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

There are limited prospective data on lenalidomide, subcutaneous bortezomib, and dexamethasone (RsqVd) in transplant-eligible/transplant-ineligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Reliable biomarkers for efficacy and toxicity are required to better tailor therapy. Two parallel studies were conducted by Cancer Trials Ireland (CTI; NCT02219178) and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI; NCT02441686).

Cooccurring Activities of Two Autotrophic Pathways in Symbionts of the Hydrothermal Vent Tubeworm .

Genome and proteome data predict the presence of both the reductive citric acid cycle (rCAC; also called the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle) and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle (CBB) in " Endoriftia persephonae," the autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterial endosymbiont from the giant hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. We tested whether these cycles were differentially induced by sulfide supply, since the synthesis of biosynthetic intermediates by the rCAC is less energetically expensive than that by the CBB. R.

Classroom undergraduate research experiences are a "CURE" that increases engagement by students and teachers.

It is widely acknowledged that having experience conducting research is invaluable for undergraduate science students. Most undergraduate research is undertaken by students in a mentor's laboratory, but this limits the number of opportunities for students, as each laboratory can only take on a certain number of undergraduate researchers each semester. Additionally, it is also widely acknowledged that it is difficult for teachers to meet research goals while providing the best possible coursework for undergraduate students.

Claudin-18 Loss Alters Transcellular Chloride Flux but not Tight Junction Ion Selectivity in Gastric Epithelial Cells.

Background & Aims: Tight junctions form a barrier to the paracellular passage of luminal antigens. Although most tight junction proteins reside within the apical tight junction complex, claudin-18 localizes mainly to the basolateral membrane where its contribution to paracellular ion transport is undefined. Claudin-18 loss in mice results in gastric neoplasia development and tumorigenesis that may or may not be due to tight junction dysfunction.

Degenerate PCR primers for assays to track steps of nitrogen metabolism by taxonomically diverse microorganisms in a variety of environments.

Steps in the global nitrogen cycle are mainly catalyzed by microorganisms. Accordingly, the activities of these microorganisms affect the health and productivity of ecosystems. Their activities are also used in wastewater treatment systems to remove reactive nitrogen compounds and prevent eutrophication events triggered by nutrient discharges.

Ubiquity and functional uniformity in CO2 concentrating mechanisms in multiple phyla of Bacteria is suggested by a diversity and prevalence of genes encoding candidate dissolved inorganic carbon transporters.

Autotrophic microorganisms catalyze the entry of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; = CO2 + HCO3- + CO32-) into the biological component of the global carbon cycle, despite dramatic differences in DIC abundance and composition in their sometimes extreme environments. "Cyanobacteria" are known to have CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to facilitate growth under low CO2 conditions. These CCMs consist of carboxysomes, containing enzymes ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate oxygenase and carbonic anhydrase, partnered to DIC transporters.

Hydrogen Does Not Appear To Be a Major Electron Donor for Symbiosis with the Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Tubeworm Riftia pachyptila.

Use of hydrogen gas (H) as an electron donor is common among free-living chemolithotrophic microorganisms. Given the presence of this dissolved gas at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, it has been suggested that it may also be a major electron donor for the free-living and symbiotic chemolithoautotrophic bacteria that are the primary producers at these sites. Giant siboglinid tubeworms and their symbiotic bacteria (" Endoriftia persephone") dominate many vents in the Eastern Pacific, and their use of sulfide as a major electron donor has been documented.

Pilot study of bevacizumab in combination with docetaxel and cyclophosphamide as adjuvant treatment for patients with early stage HER-2 negative breast cancer, including analysis of candidate circulating markers of cardiac toxicity: ICORG 08-10 trial.

Background: Combining bevacizumab and chemotherapy produced superior response rates compared with chemotherapy alone in metastatic breast cancer. As bevacizumab may cause hypertension (HTN) and increase the risk of cardiac failure, we performed a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and toxicity of a non-anthracycline-containing combination of docetaxel with cyclophosphamide and bevacizumab in early stage breast cancer patients.

Methods: Treatment consisted of four 3-weekly cycles of docetaxel and cyclophosphamide (75/600 mg/m).

Cluttering symptoms in school-age children by communicative context: A preliminary investigation.

The objective of this study was to compare the symptoms of cluttering among school-age children who do and do not clutter in the contexts of monologue, conversation and expository discourse. A matched pairs design was used to compare cluttering symptoms according to the Lowest Common Denominator (LCD) definition of cluttering, a definition representing the core speech and fluency characteristics of cluttering agreed upon among experts. Cluttering symptoms (over-coarticulated words, normal disfluencies, abnormal pauses) in eight school-aged males with cluttering were compared to eight controls matched by sex and grade level in school.

Implanted Nanosensors in Marine Organisms for Physiological Biologging: Design, Feasibility, and Species Variability.

In recent decades, biologists have sought to tag animals with various sensors to study aspects of their behavior otherwise inaccessible from controlled laboratory experiments. Despite this, chemical information, both environmental and physiological, remains challenging to collect despite its tremendous potential to elucidate a wide range of animal behaviors. In this work, we explore the design, feasibility, and data collection constraints of implantable, near-infrared fluorescent nanosensors based on DNA-wrapped single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) embedded within a biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel.

Diversity in CO-Concentrating Mechanisms among Chemolithoautotrophs from the Genera , , and , Ubiquitous in Sulfidic Habitats Worldwide.

Members of the genera , , and fix carbon at hydrothermal vents, coastal sediments, hypersaline lakes, and other sulfidic habitats. The genome sequences of these ubiquitous and prolific chemolithoautotrophs suggest a surprising diversity of mechanisms for the uptake and fixation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC); these mechanisms are verified here. Carboxysomes are apparent in the transmission electron micrographs of most of these organisms but are lacking in sp.

Isotope discrimination by form IC RubisCO from Ralstonia eutropha and Rhodobacter sphaeroides, metabolically versatile members of 'Proteobacteria' from aquatic and soil habitats.

RubisCO, the CO fixing enzyme of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, is responsible for the majority of carbon fixation on Earth. RubisCO fixes CO faster than CO resulting in C-depleted biomass, enabling the use of δ C values to trace CBB activity in contemporary and ancient environments. Enzymatic fractionation is expressed as an ε value, and is routinely used in modelling, for example, the global carbon cycle and climate change, and for interpreting trophic interactions.

Using a Mobile Laboratory to Promote College-Level Outreach and Graduate Student Engagement in Precollege STEM Literacy.

This article presents a case study about the impact that our mobile laboratory, the Rutgers Science Explorer bus, has had on the professional development of graduate students and content enrichment for the middle school communities in the state of New Jersey.