Loss-of-function mutations of ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE3 suppress root waving, skewing, and epidermal cell file rotation in Arabidopsis.

Wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L. Heynh.) roots growing on a tilted surface of impenetrable hard-agar media adopt a wave-like pattern and tend to skew to the right of the gravity vector (when viewed from the back of the plate through the medium).

Effect of antimetabolite immunosuppressants on Flaviviridae, including hepatitis C virus.

Background: Recurrence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) after liver transplantation is almost universal and decreases both graft and patient survival. Medications that alter nucleic acid metabolism, including some common immunosuppressants used in HCV-infected patients, may affect viral replication.

Methods: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is in the Flaviviridae family and is closely related to HCV.

WVD2 and WDL1 modulate helical organ growth and anisotropic cell expansion in Arabidopsis.

Wild-type Arabidopsis roots develop a wavy pattern of growth on tilted agar surfaces. For many Arabidopsis ecotypes, roots also grow askew on such surfaces, typically slanting to the right of the gravity vector. We identified a mutant, wvd2-1, that displays suppressed root waving and leftward root slanting under these conditions.

The Arabidopsis SKU5 gene encodes an extracellular glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein involved in directional root growth.

To investigate how roots respond to directional cues, we characterized a T-DNA-tagged Arabidopsis mutant named sku5 in which the roots skewed and looped away from the normal downward direction of growth on inclined agar surfaces. sku5 roots and etiolated hypocotyls were slightly shorter than normal and exhibited a counterclockwise (left-handed) axial rotation bias. The surface-dependent skewing phenotype disappeared when the roots penetrated the agar surface, but the axial rotation defect persisted, revealing that these two directional growth processes are separable.