Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Remdesivir in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women With COVID-19: Results From IMPAACT 2032.

Background: Pregnant people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience higher risk for severe disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but no pharmacokinetic (PK) data exist to support dosing of COVID-19 therapeutics during pregnancy. We report PK and safety data for intravenous remdesivir in pregnancy.

Methods: IMPAACT 2032 was a phase 4 prospective, open-label, nonrandomized opportunistic study of hospitalized pregnant and nonpregnant women receiving intravenous remdesivir as part of clinical care.

Pharmacokinetics and safety of first-line tuberculosis drugs rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide during pregnancy and postpartum: results from IMPAACT P1026s.

Physiological changes during pregnancy may alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antituberculosis drugs. The International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network P1026s was a multicenter, phase IV, observational, prospective PK and safety study of antiretroviral and antituberculosis drugs administered as part of clinical care in pregnant persons living with and without HIV. We assessed the effects of pregnancy on rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide PK in pregnant and postpartum (PP) persons without HIV treated for drug-susceptible tuberculosis disease.

Bone and Renal Health in Infants With or Without Breastmilk Exposure to Tenofovir-Based Maternal Antiretroviral Treatment in the PROMISE Randomized Trial.

Background: We assessed bone and kidney outcomes in infants randomized postdelivery as mother-infant pairs within the IMPAACT PROMISE trial to maternal tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based antiretroviral treatment (mART) or infant nevirapine prophylaxis (iNVP) to prevent breastfeeding HIV transmission.

Methods: Infants were coenrolled in the P1084s substudy on randomization day and followed through Week 74. Lumbar spine bone mineral content (LS-BMC) was assessed at entry (6-21 age days) and Week 26 by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.

Ensuring equity: Pharmacogenetic implementation in rural and tribal communities.

Implementation strategies for pharmacogenetic testing have been largely limited to major academic medical centers and large health systems, threatening to exacerbate healthcare disparities for rural and tribal populations. There exists a need in Montana (United States)-a state where two-thirds of the population live in rural areas and with a large proportion of tribal residents-to develop novel strategies to make pharmacogenetic testing more broadly available. We established partnerships between University of Montana (UM) and three early adopter sites providing patient-centered care to historically neglected populations.

Pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, and antiviral activity of dolutegravir dispersible tablets in infants and children with HIV-1 (IMPAACT P1093): results of an open-label, phase 1-2 trial.

Background: Safe and potent antiretroviral medications in child-friendly formulations are needed to treat young children living with HIV-1. We aimed to select dosing for a dispersible tablet formulation of dolutegravir that achieved pharmacokinetic exposures similar to those in adults, and was safe and well tolerated in young children.

Methods: International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trial (IMPAACT) P1093 is a phase 1-2 ongoing multicentre, open-label, non-comparative study of dolutegravir.

Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir Alafenamide With Boosted Protease Inhibitors in Pregnant and Postpartum Women Living With HIV: Results From IMPAACT P1026s.

Background: Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a key component of HIV treatment, but pharmacokinetic data supporting the use of TAF during pregnancy are limited. In this study, we report pharmacokinetic, safety, and birth outcomes for TAF 25 mg with a boosted protease inhibitor in pregnant women living with HIV.

Methods: IMPAACT P1026s was a multicenter, nonrandomized, open-label, phase IV prospective study.

Pharmacokinetics of Atazanavir Boosted With Cobicistat in Pregnant and Postpartum Women With HIV.

Background: This study evaluated atazanavir and cobicistat pharmacokinetics during pregnancy compared with postpartum and in infant washout samples.

Setting: A nonrandomized, open-label, parallel-group, multicenter prospective study of atazanavir and cobicistat pharmacokinetics in pregnant women with HIV and their children.

Methods: Intensive steady-state 24-hour pharmacokinetic profiles were performed after administration of 300 mg of atazanavir and 150 mg of cobicistat orally in fixed-dose combination once daily during the second trimester, third trimester, and postpartum.

Effect on growth of exposure to maternal antiretroviral therapy in breastmilk versus extended infant nevirapine prophylaxis among HIV-exposed perinatally uninfected infants in the PROMISE randomized trial.

Background: Malnutrition is highly prevalent in HIV-exposed perinatally uninfected infants (HEUs) increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality throughout the life course. We set out to compare the effect of postnatal exposure to maternal antiretroviral therapy (mART) in breastmilk versus infant Nevirapine prophylaxis (iNVP) on somatic growth of HEUs in the randomized PROMISE trial.

Methods And Findings: We randomized 2431 mothers with HIV and their 2444 HEUs from six African countries and India 6-14 days after delivery to mART or iNVP for prevention of breastmilk HIV transmission.

Pharmacokinetics of darunavir and cobicistat in pregnant and postpartum women with HIV.

Objective: To evaluate darunavir and cobicistat pharmacokinetics during pregnancy compared with postpartum and in infant washout samples after delivery.

Design: Nonrandomized, open-label, parallel-group, multicenter phase-IV prospective study of darunavir and cobicistat pharmacokinetics in pregnant women with HIV and their children in the United States.

Methods: Intensive steady-state 24-h pharmacokinetic profiles were performed after administration of 800 mg of darunavir and 150 mg of cobicistat orally in fixed dose combination once-daily during the second trimester, third trimester, and postpartum.

Etravirine in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected children 1 year to less than 6 years of age.

Objective: To describe the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of etravirine (ETR) in HIV-infected children 1 to less than 6 years of age.

Design: Phase I/II, open-label, multicenter, dose-finding study.

Methods: Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced children in two age cohorts (I: 2 to <6 years; II: 1 to less than 2 years) received weight-based ETR, swallowed whole or dispersed in liquid, with optimized ART including a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor.

Impact of postpartum tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy on bone mineral density in breastfeeding women with HIV enrolled in a randomized clinical trial.

Objectives: We set out to evaluate the effect of postnatal exposure to tenofovir-containing antiretroviral therapy on bone mineral density among breastfeeding women living with HIV.

Design: IMPAACT P1084s is a sub-study of the PROMISE randomized trial conducted in four African countries (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01066858).

Brief Report: Impact of ART on Maternal Health After Cessation of Breastfeeding.

IMPAACT PROMISE 1077BF/FF was a sequentially randomized study of pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV to investigate the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This Maternal Health Component investigated efficacy for the risk of developing AIDS or death; and safety among women randomized to continue ART (CTART: N = 289) or discontinue ART (N = 268) after cessation of breastfeeding or after confirmation of infant infection. No AIDS-defining illnesses were reported during follow-up in either arm.

Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide with and without cobicistat in pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV.

Objective: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) 10 mg with cobicistat and 25 mg without boosting in pregnant and postpartum women with HIV and to characterize TAF placental transfer and infant washout pharmacokinetics.

Design: Open-label, multicenter phase IV prospective study of TAF pharmacokinetics during pregnancy, postpartum, delivery, and infant washout.

Methods: Pregnant women receiving TAF 10 mg with cobicistat or TAF 25 mg without boosting as part of clinical care had intensive pharmacokinetic assessments performed during the second and third trimesters, and 6-12 weeks postpartum.

Food dyes as P-glycoprotein modulators.

The drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is often investigated in drug-interaction studies because the activity is modulated by a wide variety of xenobiotics including drugs, herbal products, and food components. In this study, we tested six common arylsulfonate food dyes-allura red, carmoisine, ponceau 4R, quinolone yellow, sunset yellow, and tartrazine-as activators and inhibitors of P-gp activity in vitro. The dyes were studied as P-gp activators by measuring ATPase activity in P-gp-expressing membranes.

Nanoscale imaging using differential expansion microscopy.

Expensive and time-consuming approaches of immunoelectron microscopy of biopsy tissues continues to serve as the gold-standard for diagnostic pathology. The recent development of the new approach of expansion microscopy (ExM) capable of fourfold lateral expansion of biological specimens for their morphological examination at approximately 70 nm lateral resolution using ordinary diffraction limited optical microscopy, is a major advancement in cellular imaging. Here we report (1) an optimized fixation protocol for retention of cellular morphology while obtaining optimal expansion, (2) an ExM procedure for up to eightfold lateral and over 500-fold volumetric expansion, (3) demonstrate that ExM is anisotropic or differential between tissues, cellular organelles and domains within organelles themselves, and (4) apply image analysis and machine learning (ML) approaches to precisely assess differentially expanded cellular structures.

Fosamprenavir with Ritonavir Pharmacokinetics during Pregnancy.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir during pregnancy and postpartum. Amprenavir (the active moiety of fosamprenavir) and ritonavir intensive pharmacokinetic evaluations were performed at steady state during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum. Plasma concentrations of amprenavir and ritonavir were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography.

Extended Prophylaxis With Nevirapine Does Not Affect Growth in HIV-Exposed Infants.

Background: Effects of prolonged nevirapine prophylaxis exposure on growth among HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants are unknown. This study examines the impact of extended nevirapine prophylaxis from 6 weeks to 6 months on the growth of HEU infants followed for 18 months and also identifies correlates of incident wasting, stunting, underweight, and low head circumference in the HPTN 046 trial.

Methods: Intention-to-treat analysis examined the effect of extended nevirapine exposure on: weight-for-age Z-score, length-for-age Z-score, weight-for-length Z-score, and head circumference-for-age Z-score.

Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Dolutegravir in Treatment-Experienced Adolescents With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Results of the IMPAACT P1093 Study.

Background: P1093 is an ongoing phase I/II multicenter open-label study of dolutegravir plus an optimized background regimen in age-defined pediatric cohorts; here we report the long-term safety and virologic efficacy outcomes for the oldest cohort.

Methods: The study enrolled human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected treatment-experienced adolescents aged 12 to <18 years, with an HIV-1 RNA level ≥1000 copies/mL . Cumulative safety and HIV-1 RNA outcomes were assessed once the last enrolled participant reached 144 weeks of follow-up.

Bone Age and Mineral Density Assessments Using Plain Roentgenograms in Tenofovir-exposed Infants in Malawi and Brazil Enrolled in HIV Prevention Trials Network 057.

Background: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) use during pregnancy has been increasing, and studies linking bone toxicity with exposure to TDF have raised concern for its use in infants.

Methods: Hand/wrist and spine radiographs were obtained at 3 days and 12 weeks of age in infants born to HIV-infected pregnant women enrolled in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 057 pharmacokinetic study of TDF conducted in Malawi and Brazil assigned to 3 TDF dosing cohorts. In cohort 1, mothers received 600 mg of TDF during labor.

Pharmacokinetics of Rilpivirine in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women.

Background: Rilpivirine pharmacokinetics is defined by its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Pregnancy can affect these factors by changes in cardiac output, protein binding, volume of distribution, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activity. Rilpivirine is metabolized by CYP3A4.

Preparation and characterization of diethoxy- and monoethoxy phosphylated ('aged') serine haptens and use in the production of monoclonal antibodies.

In this study, the first mechanism-based monoclonal antibodies have been produced that recognize and differentiate diethoxy- and monoethoxyphosphorylated serine residues. Haptens were synthesized as the stable phosphonate form of phosphoserine esters to improve the immunoresponse. Following condensation with a glutaric anhydride to link the phosphoserine moieties to carrier protein, the hapten densities attached to bovine serum albumin and keyhole limpet henocyanin were determined by partial trypsin digestion and MALDI mass spectrometry, and confirmed using a fluorescent assay (FITC) to quantify unmodified lysine residues.

The association between the ratio of monocytes: lymphocytes and risk of tuberculosis among HIV-infected postpartum women.

Recent human studies support historical animal studies that suggested an association between peripheral blood monocyte:lymphocyte (ML) ratio and tuberculosis (TB) disease. To evaluate generalizability of this finding, we modeled the association between peripartum ML ratio and incident TB disease within 18 months postpartum among 1202 HIV-infected women in South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. The ML ratio was associated with increased risk of TB disease independently to combination antiretroviral therapy, World Health Organization stage, or CD4 count (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.

Oxidative stress resulting from exposure of a human salivary gland cells to paraoxon: an in vitro model for organophosphate oral exposure.

Organophosphate (OP) compounds are used as insecticides, acaricides, and chemical agents and share a common neurotoxic mechanism of action. The biochemical alterations leading to many of the deleterious effects have been studied in neuronal cell lines, however, non-neuronal toxic effects of OPs are far less well characterized in vitro, and specifically in cell lines representing oral routes of exposure. To address this void, the human salivary gland (HSG) cell line, representing likely interactions in the oral cavity, was exposed to the representative OP paraoxon (PX; O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenoxy phosphate) over a range of concentrations (0.