Vitamin D insufficiency, hemoglobin, and anemia in children with chronic kidney disease.

Background: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) deficiency is common in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It has been associated with an increased risk for anemia in both healthy US children and in adults with CKD. This association has not been explored in children with CKD.

Attentional demands for demonstrating deficits following intrabasalis infusions of 192 IgG-saporin.

Previous research has shown that basal forebrain cholinergic inputs to the cerebral cortex are necessary for attentional processing. However, the key components of attention-demanding tasks for demonstrating deficits following loss of basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic neurons are unclear. In the present experiment, rats were trained in a visual cued discrimination task with limited explicit attentional demands and then received intrabasalis infusions of the immunotoxin, 192 IgG-saporin, or saline.