Repeated Low-level Red-light Therapy: The Next Wave in Myopia Management?

Exposure to long-wavelength light has been proposed as a potential intervention to slow myopia progression in children. This article provides an evidence-based review of the safety and myopia control efficacy of red light and discusses the potential mechanisms by which red light may work to slow childhood myopia progression.The spectral composition of the ambient light in the visual environment has powerful effects on eye growth and refractive development.

Low-Dose 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops vs Placebo for Myopia Control: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Controlling myopia progression is of interest worldwide. Low-dose atropine eye drops have slowed progression in children in East Asia.

Objective: To compare atropine, 0.

Objective Vision-related Indications for Clear and Tinted Football Helmet Visors.

Significance: Football helmet visors are popular among players and may increase safety. However, they may also be costly or impractical, or impair the evaluation of head and neck injury. Determining an objective list of vision-related clinical conditions may help meet risk-benefit ratios while increasing access to care to athletes with special needs.

Pre-participation Vision Screening and Comprehensive Eye Care in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes.

Significance: Pre-participation physical evaluation and its vision screenings have been the mainstay of medical clearance for competitive play for decades. The ability of screening to address athlete's sports-specific vision needs is unknown.

Methods: Fifty-eight intercollegiate football players consented to participate in a comprehensive, sports-specific eye examination in addition to the standard pre-participation vision screening.

Vestibular, Oculomotor, and Balance Functions in Children With and Without Concussion.

Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess whether objective vestibular, oculomotor, and balance functions were impaired in children with a current diagnosis of concussion with vestibular and/or ocular symptoms.

Setting: Data were collected in a vestibular/ocular clinical laboratory. Patient participants were recruited from a concussion clinic in a children's hospital.

Socioeconomic status and race as social determinants of health to be considered in clinical use of pre-season vestibular and oculomotor tests for concussion.

Background: Aside from racial and socioeconomic disparities in computerized neurocognitive testing and symptomology, there is a scarcity of research representing more diverse populations on other widely used tests for concussion, including vestibular and visual assessment.

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate if racial and socioeconomic differences exist on baseline vestibular/ocular motor screening (VOMS) and King-Devick (K-D) test performance in high school student-athletes.

Methods: A total of 670 participants (66.

Saccadic intrusions in paediatric concussion.

Three paediatric patients post-mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI, also known as concussion) developed saccadic intrusions, which are irregular, involuntary saccades that interrupt fixation. Each patient presented to a mTBI clinic months post-injury, complaining of headaches, difficulty concentrating, and dizziness. Written informed consent from parents was obtained for use of these cases.

A Randomized Clinical Trial of Immediate Versus Delayed Glasses for Moderate Hyperopia in Children 3 to 5 Years of Age.

Purpose: To compare visual acuity (VA) and binocularity outcomes in moderately hyperopic children with normal VA and binocularity assigned to glasses versus observation.

Design: Prospective randomized clinical trial (RCT).

Methods: One hundred nineteen 3- to 5-year-old children with hyperopia between +3.

Peripheral Vestibular and Balance Function in Athletes With and Without Concussion.

Background And Purpose: According to the most recent consensus statement on management of sport-related concussion (SRC), athletes with suspected SRC should receive a comprehensive neurological examination. However, which measures to include in such an examination are not defined. Our objectives were to (1) evaluate test-retest reliability and normative data on vestibular and balance tests in athletes without SRC; (2) compare athletes with and without SRC on the subtests; and (3) identify subtests for concussion testing protocols.

Visuo-oculomotor Function and Reaction Times in Athletes with and without Concussion.

Significance: Oculomotor tests in concussion commonly show impairment in smooth pursuit and saccadic function. Honing in on the systems likely to be affected by concussion will streamline use of oculomotor function as a supplemental diagnostic and prognostic tool, as well as improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of concussion.

Purpose: This study investigates oculomotor function between concussed and healthy collegiate athletes and determines measurement test-retest reliability of those tools.

Optic Nerve Tilt, Crescent, Ovality, and Torsion in a Multi-Ethnic Cohort of Young Adults With and Without Myopia.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to evaluate optic nerve head (ONH) characteristics in an ethnically diverse cohort of young U.S. adults.

A sloped piecemeal Gaussian model for characterising foveal pit shape.

Purpose: High-quality optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular scans make it possible to distinguish a range of normal and diseased states by characterising foveal pit shape. Existing mathematical models lack the flexibility to capture all known pit variations and thus characterise the pit with limited accuracy. This study aimed to develop a new model that provides a more robust characterisation of individual foveal pit variations.

Academic Difficulty and Vision Symptoms in Children with Concussion.

Purpose: Academic difficulty is reported in children with prolonged post-concussive symptoms. Despite growing evidence that vestibular-ocular and vision-specific dysfunction are common in children after concussion, vision is rarely mentioned in return-to-learn protocols. The purpose of this project was to evaluate a cohort of children with prolonged post-concussive symptoms to determine if vision symptoms are associated with those reporting academic difficulty.

King-Devick and Pre-season Visual Function in Adolescent Athletes.

Purpose: The King-Devick test (KD) has been studied as a remove-from-play sideline test in college-age athletes and older; however, studies in younger athletes are limited. A cross-sectional study of the KD and other vision correlates was completed on school-aged athletes during pre-season physicals for a variety of sports to determine the repeatability of the KD. The study also evaluated how convergence, alignment, or pupil function contributed to a slower King-Devick baseline reading.

Choroidal Thickness Profiles in Myopic Eyes of Young Adults in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial Cohort.

Purpose: To examine the relationship of choroidal thickness with axial length (AL) and myopia in young adult eyes in the ethnically diverse Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) cohort.

Design: Cross-sectional, multicenter study.

Methods: In addition to measures of myopia by cycloplegic autorefraction and AL by A-scan ultrasonography, participants underwent optical coherence tomography imaging of the choroid in both eyes at their last visit (14 years after baseline).

A randomized trial of adding a plano lens to atropine for amblyopia.

Background: Some children have residual amblyopia after treatment with atropine eyedrops for amblyopia due to strabismus and/or anisometropia. We conducted a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of augmenting the effect of atropine by changing the lens over the fellow eye to plano in children with residual amblyopia.

Methods: A total of 73 children 3 to <8 years of age (mean, 5.

Limited change in anisometropia and aniso-axial length over 13 years in myopic children enrolled in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial.

Purpose: We investigated changes in anisometropia and aniso-axial length with myopia progression in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) cohort.

Methods: Of 469 myopic children, 6 to <12 years old, enrolled in COMET, 358 were followed for 13 years. Cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length (AL) in each eye were measured annually.

Visual activity and its association with myopia stabilisation.

Purpose: To evaluate the association between outdoor and nearwork activities at baseline and myopia stabilisation by age 15 in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET).

Methods: Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial enrolled 469 children (ages: 6-11 years) with spherical equivalent myopia between -1.25 and -4.

Intraobserver reliability of contact pachymetry in children.

Background: Central corneal thickness (CCT) is an important measurement in the treatment and management of pediatric glaucoma and potentially of refractive error, but data regarding reliability of CCT measurement in children are limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of CCT measurement with the use of handheld contact pachymetry in children.

Methods: We conducted a multicenter intraobserver test-retest reliability study of more than 3,400 healthy eyes in children aged from newborn to 17 years by using a handheld contact pachymeter (Pachmate DGH55; DGH Technology Inc, Exton, PA) in 2 clinical settings--with the use of topical anesthesia in the office and with the patient under general anesthesia in a surgical facility.

Intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness in the COMET cohort.

Purpose: To describe intraocular pressure (IOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT) in ethnically diverse, myopic young adults enrolled in COMET (the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial) and their association with ocular and demographic factors.

Methods: IOP (Goldmann tonometry), CCT (handheld pachymetry), refractive error (cycloplegic autorefraction), and ocular components (A-scan ultrasonography) were measured in 385 of the original 469 subjects (mean age = 20.3 ± 1.

Comparison of Tono-Pen and Goldmann applanation tonometers for measurement of intraocular pressure in healthy children.

Purpose: To assess the agreement of intraocular pressure (IOP) measured with the Tono-Pen and the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) in normal children and adolescents.

Methods: A total of 439 subjects from birth to <18 years of age without anterior segment anomalies or glaucoma had their IOP measured with the two instruments by separate, masked examiners in the office or under general anesthesia.

Results: On average, the Tono-Pen measured values slightly lower than the GAT for IOP <11 mm Hg and slightly higher than the GAT for IOP >11 mm Hg in the office setting.

Stereoacuity in children with anisometropic amblyopia.

Purpose: To determine factors associated with pretreatment and posttreatment stereoacuity in subjects with moderate anisometropic amblyopia.

Methods: Data for subjects enrolled in seven studies conducted by the Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group were pooled. The sample included 633 subjects aged 3 to <18 years with anisometropic amblyopia, no heterotropia observed by cover test, and baseline amblyopic eye acuity of 20/100 or better.

Central corneal thickness in children.

Objectives: To determine the central corneal thickness (CCT) in healthy white, African American, and Hispanic children from birth to 17 years of age and to determine whether CCT varies by age, race, or ethnicity.

Design: Prospective observational multicenter study. Central corneal thickness was measured with a handheld contact pachymeter.

Effect of age on response to amblyopia treatment in children.

Objective: To determine whether age at initiation of treatment for amblyopia influences the response among children 3 to less than 13 years of age with unilateral amblyopia who have 20/40 to 20/400 amblyopic eye visual acuity.

Methods: A meta-analysis of individual subject data from 4 recently completed randomized amblyopia treatment trials was performed to evaluate the relationship between age and improvement in logMAR amblyopic eye visual acuity. Analyses were adjusted for baseline amblyopic eye visual acuity, spherical equivalent refractive error in the amblyopic eye, type of amblyopia, prior amblyopia treatment, study treatment, and protocol.