TGFB1 induces fetal reprogramming and enhances intestinal regeneration.

The gut epithelium has a remarkable ability to recover from damage. We employed a combination of high-throughput sequencing approaches, mouse genetics, and murine and human organoids and identified a role for TGFB signaling during intestinal regeneration following injury. At 2 days following irradiation (IR)-induced damage of intestinal crypts, a surge in TGFB1 expression is mediated by monocyte/macrophage cells at the location of damage.

Effect of third-party components on emissions from a pod style electronic cigarette.

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have been associated with a dramatic increase in youth becoming addicted to nicotine following decades-long decline in cigarette smoking uptake. The United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products (FDA/CTP) is responsible for regulating devices and consumable materials associated with ENDS. State and federal regulations regarding flavoring compounds in ENDS liquids (e-liquids) may be circumvented when vendors market refillable reservoirs side-by-side with noncompliant e-liquids.

Enhancing stakeholder roles in autism early interventions in the United States: A stakeholder-driven research agenda.

In this article, we outline a stakeholder-driven research agenda to guide future early intervention research for children with autism. Our research team collaborated with autism service providers, parents of individuals with autism, and autistic people to create this research agenda by (1) conducting workshops with community members and (2) distributing a survey to a larger number of community members around the country. The finalized research agenda includes (1) Guiding Principles for current and future research, (2) Research Priorities focused on early intervention for individuals with autism, and (3) Systems Implications to consider in future clinical, research, and policy efforts for early intervention.

"It just depends": Parent, teacher, and expert conceptualization of social communication in young autistic children.

Improving social communication is often one goal during early autism services. However, researchers do not yet know whether their ideas about which social communication skills should be targeted during services for young autistic children are the same as the goals of autism community members, such as parents, teachers, and expert clinicians. This study used focus groups (meetings of small groups of community members) to ask people from these groups about what aspects of social communication are most important to support in young autistic children.

TGFB1 Induces Fetal Reprogramming and Enhances Intestinal Regeneration.

The adult gut epithelium has a remarkable ability to recover from damage. To achieve cellular therapies aimed at restoring and/or replacing defective gastrointestinal tissue, it is important to understand the natural mechanisms of tissue regeneration. We employed a combination of high throughput sequencing approaches, mouse genetic models, and murine and human organoid models, and identified a role for TGFB signaling during intestinal regeneration following injury.

Putting "ME" into measurement: Adapting self-report health measures for use with individuals with intellectual disability.

Background: Self-report is important for measuring health outcomes; however, most research in intellectual disability (ID) relies on proxy report. The lack of cognitively accessible measures is one barrier to accurate self-reporting by individuals with ID.

Aims: This paper describes the process of adapting self-report measures of health status, health-related quality of life, and environment for use by individuals with ID and presents evidence on their usability (accessibility), usefulness (independent self-report), and reliability (internal consistency and test-retest).

Methenamine hippurate compared with antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in women: the ALTAR non-inferiority RCT.

Background: Daily, low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis is the current standard care for women with recurrent urinary tract infection. Emerging antimicrobial resistance is a global health concern, prompting research interest in non-antibiotic agents such as methenamine hippurate, but comparative data on their efficacy and safety are lacking.

Objective: To assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of methenamine hippurate (Hiprex; Mylan NV, Canonsburg, PA, USA) compared with current standard care (antibiotic prophylaxis) for recurrent urinary tract infection prevention in adult women.

Alternative to prophylactic antibiotics for the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: multicentre, open label, randomised, non-inferiority trial.

Objective: To test and compare the efficacy of methenamine hippurate for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections with the current standard prophylaxis of daily low dose antibiotics.

Design: Multicentre, open label, randomised, non-inferiority trial.

Setting: Eight centres in the UK, recruiting from June 2016 to June 2018.

Multidrug-resistant Uro-associated Populations and Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Patients Performing Clean Intermittent Self-catheterisation.

Background: The AnTIC trial linked continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis treatments to a lower incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs) among individuals performing clean intermittent self-catheterisation (CISC).

Objective: To explore potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis treatments, blood and urine samples and uro-associated isolates from AnTIC participants were analysed.

Design Setting And Participants: Blood samples ( = 204) were analysed for gene polymorphisms associated with UTI susceptibility and multiple urine samples ( = 558) were analysed for host urogenital responses.

Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children With Down Syndrome and Williams Syndrome.

Research suggests that people with a Williams syndrome (WS) or Down syndrome (DS) diagnosis display an increased prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) when compared to the general population. This study aimed to examine characteristics of ASD in a group of children with DS or WS. Results suggest that children with DS and WS exhibit higher levels of autism symptoms than the general population, particularly in the area of unusual behaviors, and that these elevations are not solely due to deficits in adaptive behavior.

Mapping Development of the Human Intestinal Niche at Single-Cell Resolution.

The human intestinal stem cell niche supports self-renewal and epithelial function, but little is known about its development. We used single-cell mRNA sequencing with in situ validation approaches to interrogate human intestinal development from 7-21 weeks post conception, assigning molecular identities and spatial locations to cells and factors that comprise the niche. Smooth muscle cells of the muscularis mucosa, in close proximity to proliferative crypts, are a source of WNT and RSPONDIN ligands, whereas EGF is expressed far from crypts in the villus epithelium.

Hedgehog Signaling in Intestinal Development and Homeostasis.

The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays several diverse regulatory and patterning roles during organogenesis of the intestine and in the regulation of adult intestinal homeostasis. In the embryo, fetus, and adult, intestinal Hh signaling is paracrine: Hh ligands are expressed in the endodermally derived epithelium, while signal transduction is confined to the mesenchymal compartment, where at least a dozen distinct cell types are capable of responding to Hh signals. Epithelial Hh ligands not only regulate a variety of mesenchymal cell behaviors, but they also direct these mesenchymal cells to secrete additional soluble factors (e.

RYK-mediated filopodial pathfinding facilitates midgut elongation.

Between embryonic days 10.5 and 14.5, active proliferation drives rapid elongation of the murine midgut epithelial tube.

Social endophenotypes in autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review.

Endophenotypes are measurable markers of genetic vulnerability to current or future disorder. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is well-suited to be examined within an endophenotype framework given past and current emphases on the broader autism phenotype and early detection. We conducted a scoping review to identify potential socially-related endophenotypes of ASD.

Brief report: Does "healthy" family functioning look different for families who have a child with autism?

Background: For families of typically developing children, extremes of family cohesion (enmeshed and disengaged) and flexibility (rigid and chaotic) are associated with negative outcomes (Olson, 2011). Some work suggests that this may not be true for families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Altiere & von Kluge 2009). Specifically, regimented daily routines (increased rigidity) and highly involved caregivers (increased enmeshment) might theoretically be associated with positive outcomes.

Elevated urine IL-10 concentrations associate with persistence in older patients susceptible to recurrent urinary tract infections.

Background: Age is a significant risk factor for recurrent urinary tract (rUTI) infections, but the clinical picture is often confused in older patients who also present with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB). Yet, how bacteriuria establishes in such patients and the factors underpinning and/or driving symptomatic UTI episodes are still not understood. To explore this further a pilot study was completed in which 30 male and female community based older patients (mean age 75y) presenting clinically with ASB / rUTIs and 15 control volunteers (72y) were recruited and monitored for up to 6 months.

Meta-analysis of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder.

Naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention is an emerging class of interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder. The present article is a meta-analysis of outcomes of group-design studies ( = 27) testing interventions using naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention strategies. Small, significant positive effects of naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention were found for expressive language ( = 0.

Signals and forces shaping organogenesis of the small intestine.

The adult gastrointestinal tract (GI) is a series of connected organs (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon) that develop via progressive regional specification of a continuous tubular embryonic organ anlage. This chapter focuses on organogenesis of the small intestine. The intestine arises by folding of a flat sheet of endodermal cells into a tube of highly proliferative pseudostratified cells.

Leisure time and family functioning in families living with autism spectrum disorder.

Family leisure can provide opportunities for both enjoyment and family growth. However, families of children with autism spectrum disorder experience multiple barriers to engaging in satisfying family leisure activities. This study surveyed parents of children with autism spectrum disorder ( = 112) and parents of children with typical development ( = 123) to examine relationships among family leisure involvement, leisure satisfaction, family functioning, and satisfaction with family life.

ALternatives To prophylactic Antibiotics for the treatment of Recurrent urinary tract infection in women (ALTAR): study protocol for a multicentre, pragmatic, patient-randomised, non-inferiority trial.

Background: At least half of all adult women will experience infective cystitis (urinary tract infection: UTI) at least once in their life and many suffer from repeated episodes. Recurrent urinary tract infection (rUTI) in adult women is usually treated with long-term, low-dose antibiotics and current national and international guidelines recommend this as the 'gold standard' preventative treatment. Although they are reasonably effective, long-term antibiotics can result in bacteria becoming resistant not only to the prescribed antibiotic but to other antimicrobial agents.

Continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis for adults with repeated urinary tract infections (AnTIC): a randomised, open-label trial.

Background: Repeated symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect 25% of people who use clean intermittent self-catheterisation (CISC) to empty their bladder. We aimed to determine the benefits, harms, and cost-effectiveness of continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of recurrent UTIs in adult users of CISC.

Methods: In this randomised, open-label, superiority trial, we enrolled participants from 51 UK National Health Service organisations.

Continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent urinary tract infection in adults who perform clean intermittent self-catheterisation: the AnTIC RCT.

Background: People carrying out clean intermittent self-catheterisation (CISC) to empty their bladder often suffer repeated urinary tract infections (UTIs). Continuous once-daily, low-dose antibiotic treatment (antibiotic prophylaxis) is commonly advised but knowledge of its effectiveness is lacking.

Objective: To assess the benefit, harms and cost-effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent UTIs in people who perform CISC.

Blueprint for an intestinal villus: Species-specific assembly required.

Efficient absorption of nutrients by the intestine is essential for life. In mammals and birds, convolution of the intestinal surface into finger-like projections called villi is an important adaptation that ensures the massive surface area for nutrient contact that is required to meet metabolic demands. Each villus projection serves as a functional absorptive unit: it is covered by a simple columnar epithelium that is derived from endoderm and contains a mesodermally derived core with supporting vasculature, lacteals, enteric nerves, smooth muscle, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and immune cells.

Efficacy of low intensity, therapist-implemented Project ImPACT for increasing social communication skills in young children with ASD.

Project ImPACT is a Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention (NDBI) for young children with ASD. Preliminary research supports its feasibility and efficacy as a parent-mediated intervention; however, its efficacy as a low-intensity, therapist-implemented intervention is unclear. A single-case, multiple-baseline design evaluated the effect of 2 h per week of therapist-implemented Project ImPACT on social engagement, language, and play in nine children with ASD.

A YY1-dependent increase in aerobic metabolism is indispensable for intestinal organogenesis.

During late gestation, villi extend into the intestinal lumen to dramatically increase the surface area of the intestinal epithelium, preparing the gut for the neonatal diet. Incomplete development of the intestine is the most common gastrointestinal complication in neonates, but the causes are unclear. We provide evidence in mice that Yin Yang 1 (Yy1) is crucial for intestinal villus development.