Efforts to Improve Diversity, Equality, and Inclusion in Sports Medicine via Community Engagement Initiatives Within American Cities Divided by Racial, Social, and Economic Factors.

Although the twenty-first century has seen major advances in evidence-based medicine to improve health, athletic performance, and injury prevention, our inability to implement these best practices across underserved American communities has limited the impact of these breakthroughs in sports medicine. Rochester, NY is stereotypical of American communities in which an economically challenged racially diverse urban center with grossly underperforming public schools is surrounded by adequately resourced predominantly Caucasian state-of-the-art education systems. As these great disparities perpetuate and further degrade our society in the absence of interventions, the need for community engagement initiatives is self-evident.

Focus areas and methodological characteristics of North American-based health disparity research in sports medicine: a scoping review.

Objective: Health disparities are widely prevalent; however, little has been done to examine and address their causes and effects in sports and exercise medicine (SEM). We aimed to summarise the focus areas and methodology used for existing North American health disparity research in SEM and to identify gaps in the evidence base.

Design: Scoping review.

Clinical performance of a multiparametric MRI-based post concussive syndrome index.

Introduction: Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) has revealed measurable changes in the brains of patients with persistent post-concussive syndrome (PCS). Because of inconsistent results in univariate DTI metrics among patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), there is currently no single objective and reliable MRI index for clinical decision-making in patients with PCS.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a newly developed PCS Index (PCSI) derived from machine learning of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to classify and differentiate subjects with mTBI and PCS history from those without a history of mTBI.

Tarsal Navicular Bone Stress Injuries: A Multicenter Case Series Investigating Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Approach, Treatment, and Return to Sport in Adolescent Athletes.

Background: Tarsal navicular bone stress injuries (BSIs) are considered "high risk" because of prolonged healing times and higher rates of nonunion in adult populations but, to our knowledge, have not been comprehensively examined in adolescent athletes.

Purpose: To describe the characteristics of tarsal navicular BSIs in adolescents.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Athlete Identity and Mental Health of Student Athletes during COVID-19.

The purpose of our study is to evaluate athletic identity (AI) and mental health measures of youth and young adult athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study recruited athletes aged 11-25 years from universities, high schools, and middle schools in California and New York. Participants were emailed a link to an anonymous, cross-sectional electronic survey.

Stress Injuries of the Knee.

Stress injuries to the bone and physis of the knee are common in the active adolescent patient and can be broken down into bone stress injuries (BSIs) and chronic physeal stress injuries. BSIs result from prolonged, repetitive bone loading, whereas chronic physeal stress injuries develop from repetitive loading to the apophysis or epiphysis. Most stress injuries of the knee resolve with relative rest but will occasionally need surgical intervention in more severe cases.

Sports Bra Preferences by Age and Impact of Breast Size on Physical Activity among American Females.

For many females, sports bras are an essential piece of equipment for participation in sports and physical activity. Breast pain or discomfort from lack of support may be a contributing factor to the noted gender disparity in physical activity of females compared to males. Our objective was to evaluate sports bra usage and characterize sports bra preferences of an active female cohort.

Athletic Identity in Youth Athletes: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Athletic identity (AI), the degree of personal connection to sport, is well-described in adult research; however, this social trait has been less studied in younger age groups. This systematic review describes epidemiological characteristics of AI in youth athletes. PubMed, Embase and PsycInfo were searched to identify AI studies involving quantitative athlete identity outcomes and cohorts 22 years and younger.

Strategies for Gait Retraining in a Collegiate Runner with Transfemoral Amputation: A Case Report.

Background: More than fifty percent of people with limb amputations participate in sports or physical activity following amputation. Athletes with limb amputations may face additional challenges including phantom limb pain (PLP), psychological barriers, prosthetic complications, and gait abnormalities. Prevalence of PLP in the general amputee population is estimated to be as high as 85%.

Racial and Ethnic Diversity of Athletic Trainers in National Collegiate Athletic Association Institutions, 2008-2018: A Retrospective Study.

Context: Athletic trainers (ATs) are the most visible members of the sports medicine team and are responsible for the health and well-being of student-athletes. However, the representation of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) ATs in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) member institutions has not been studied.

Objective: To quantify the representation of BIPOC ATs in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) member institutions.

Sports Medicine-Related Breast and Chest Conditions-Update of Current Literature.

This article reviews the most up-to-date evidence-based recommendations pertaining to breast and upper chest conditions, specifically for the sports medicine physician. Because of the unique circumstances of the team physician, they can see a wide breadth of pathology. Athletes may not have a primary care physician and may prefer to present to their team physician for breast and upper chest conditions.

Female Athlete and Sports-Related Concussions.

Female athletes are participating in collision sports in greater numbers than previously. The overall incidence of concussion is known to be higher in female athletes than in male athletes participating in similar sports. Evidence suggests anatomic, biomechanical, and biochemical etiologies behind this sex disparity.

Use of Fitbit Data to Evaluate the Effects of an Athletic Performance and Injury Prevention Training Program on Daily Physical Levels in Underrepresented Minority Female High School Athletes: A Prospective Study.

A marginal number of adolescents meet the recommended guidelines of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous daily physical activity, and even fewer underrepresented minority females achieve this metric as compared to their male and white counterparts. While potential interventions exist to address these low levels of activity, which is a known risk for acute injuries and chronic disease, there is lack of consensus on the devices used to measure the intensity of daily activity levels. Wearable activity trackers such as Fitbit™ have been utilized to quantify human motion and exercise intensity, but there is little precedence for these measures being assessed in adolescent wearers.

Track and field injuries resulting in emergency department visits from 2004 to 2015: an analysis of the national electronic injury surveillance system.

Objectives: Determine national estimates of injuries, mechanisms of injury (MOI), and injury severity among men and women engaging in track and field activities in the United States (U.S.), aged 18 years and older, who present to emergency departments (ED).

Timing and Reasons Behind Single-Sport Specialization in Soccer: A Survey of 64 Major League Soccer Athletes.

Background: Single-sport specialization at the exclusion of other sports has become increasingly popular in youth sporting culture. The purpose of this study was to survey Major League Soccer (MLS) athletes to examine factors influencing the timing of single-sport specialization in soccer.

Hypothesis: The majority of surveyed athletes will have participated in multiple sports prior to specialization and specialized primarily as a result of a coach's recommendation, with no significant impact on specialization timing stemming from birth or high school location, obtaining a collegiate scholarship, MLS experience, or position.

Use of PROMIS and Functional Movement System (FMS) Testing to Evaluate the Effects of Athletic Performance and Injury Prevention Training in Female High School Athletes.

Two major health concerns with female high school athletes are: 1) psychosocial wellness, and 2) sports-related injuries. It is also known that these health concerns are much greater for minority students who attend high school in economically depressed cities. While it has been well-established that exercise is an effective intervention for these health concerns, there are no established outcome measures to quantitatively assess athletic performance and injury prevention training interventions in this population.

Sport Participation and Specialization Characteristics Among Pediatric Soccer Athletes.

Background: Soccer is an increasingly popular sport for children and adolescents in the United States. Little is known about participation patterns related to sport specialization.

Purpose: To investigate soccer participation levels and sport specialization characteristics among youth soccer athletes.

Age at First Concussion Influences the Number of Subsequent Concussions.

Background: Individuals who sustain their first concussion during childhood may be at greater risk of sustaining multiple concussions throughout their lifetime because of a longer window of vulnerability. This article aims to estimate the association between age at first concussion and number of subsequent concussions.

Patients And Methods: A total of 23,582 collegiate athletes from 26 universities and military cadets from three military academies completed a concussion history questionnaire (65% males, age 19.

The Epidemiology of Stress Fractures in Collegiate Student-Athletes, 2004-2005 Through 2013-2014 Academic Years.

Context:   Stress fractures are injuries caused by cumulative, repetitive stress that leads to abnormal bone remodeling. Specific populations, including female athletes and endurance athletes, are at higher risk than the general athletic population. Whereas more than 460 000 individuals participate in collegiate athletics in the United States, no large study has been conducted to determine the incidence of stress fractures in collegiate athletes.