Pain management in critically ill patients: a review of multimodal treatment options.

Pain management for critically ill patients provides physicians with the challenge of maximizing patient comfort while avoiding the risks that arise with oversedation. Preventing oversedation has become increasingly important as we better understand the negative impact it has on patients' experiences and outcomes. Current research suggests that oversedation can result in complications such as thromboembolism, pulmonary compromise, immunosuppression and delirium.

Vaginal repair of neobladder-vaginal fistula: a case report and review of the literature.

Neobladder substitution after radical cystectomy for invasive cancer has become commonplace as it preserves normal volitional voiding through the native urethra and avoids urinary diversion. Neobladder-vaginal fistula (NVF) is a rare postoperative complication of this procedure that results in decreased quality of life. We describe a case of vaginal repair of a NVF and present a review of the literature.

A potential use of embryonic stem cell medium for the in vitro culture of preimplantation embryos.

Purpose: To assess the impact of embryonic stem cell culture medium (ESCM) on the pre- and post-implantation development of the mouse embryo, as a mammalian model, in comparison with the conventional culture medium, a potassium simplex optimized medium (KSOM).

Methods: Development in ESCM versus KSOM was compared in terms of embryo morphology, cleavage, cavitation, hatching, cell number, expression of TE and ICM transcription factors (Cdx2 and Oct4, respectively), implantation, and development in utero.

Results: An enriched medium like ESCM can be beneficial for in vitro embryo development when cultured from the 8-cell stage, as evidenced by promotion of blastocyst development with respect to cavity expansion, hatching, and cell division.