Mycobacterial disease causing chylous effusions in two patients living with uncontrolled HIV.

Chylous effusions are a rare complication of disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection. This is a case couplet reporting on the treatment challenge of chylous effusions secondary to NTM infection in two individuals living with advanced HIV. Their treatment was complicated by associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

Tracheocarotid artery fistula in a patient who had tracheostomy successfully treated with a saphenous vein graft.

Tracheoarterial fistula is a complication of tracheostomy with a high associated mortality. A 25-year-old male patient with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy underwent a percutaneous tracheostomy using the single tapered dilator (Blue Rhino) technique to facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation. Nine weeks after the procedure, he developed significant upper airway bleeding, leading to haemodynamic instability.