The neurobiology of childhood trauma, from early physical pain onwards: as relevant as ever in today's fractured world.

The situation in the world today, encompassing multiple armed conflicts, notably in Ukraine, the Coronavirus pandemic and the effects of climate change, increases the likelihood of childhood exposure to physical injury and pain. Other effects of these worldwide hardships include poverty, malnutrition and starvation, also bringing with them other forms of trauma, including emotional harm, neglect and deliberate maltreatment. To review the neurobiology of the systems in the developing brain that are most affected by physical and emotional trauma and neglect.