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The nationwide Danish healthcare service for children and adolescents with gender dysphoria opened in 2016, based on clinical experience from other European countries and early follow-up studies, implying that early medical transition resulted in better physical and psychological outcomes. This review discusses how a rapid increase of referrals, especially among adolescent birth-assigned girls, and other factors such as high rates of psychiatric morbidity and varying developmental trajectories of gender identity have affected international and Danish healthcare in recent years.

AMH and other markers of ovarian function in patients with Turner syndrome - a single center experience of transition from pediatric to gynecological follow up.

Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder that affects about 1 in 2500 female births and is characterized by the partial or complete absence of the second X chromosome. Depending on karyotype, TS is associated with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). Approximately 50% of girls with a mosaic 45, X/46, XX karyotype may enter puberty spontaneously, but only 5-10% of women with TS achieve pregnancy without egg donation.

Association of In Utero Persistent Organic Pollutant Exposure With Placental Thyroid Hormones.

In utero exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can result in thyroid function disorder, leading to concerns about their impact on fetal and neonatal development. The associations between placental levels of various POPs and thyroid hormones (THs) were investigated. In a prospective Danish study initially established for assessing congenital cryptorchidism, 58 placenta samples were collected from mothers of boys born with (n = 28) and without (n = 30) cryptorchidism.

Sex Differences in Reproductive Hormones During Mini-Puberty in Infants With Normal and Disordered Sex Development.

Context: The early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis during infancy can be used in the evaluation of infants suspected of disorders of sex development (DSD). However, few data exist on sex-specific reference ranges for these hormones during early life.

Objective: To evaluate sex differences in reproductive hormone concentrations in serum from healthy infants to define sex-specific cutoff values and to apply these in infants with DSD.

Determination of thyroid hormones in placenta using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The transplacental passage of thyroid hormones (THs) is of great significance since the maternal THs are vitally important in ensuring the normal fetal development. In this paper, we determined the concentrations of seven THs, viz. L-thyroxine (T), 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T), 3,3',5'-triiodo-l-thyronine (rT), 3,3'-diiodo-l-thyronine (T), 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (rT), 3-iodo-l-thyronine (T) and 3-iodothyronamine (TAM), in placenta using isotope dilution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Sex, age, pubertal development and use of oral contraceptives in relation to serum concentrations of DHEA, DHEAS, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, Δ4-androstenedione, testosterone and their ratios in children, adolescents and young adults.

The influence of sex, age, pubertal development and oral contraceptives on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), Δ4-androstenedione (Adione), testosterone (T), calculated free testosterone (fT), free androgen index (FAI) and selected ratios in 1798 serum samples from healthy children, adolescents and young adults was evaluated. Samples were analyzed by Turboflow-LC-MS/MS. Sex hormone-binding globulin was analyzed by immunoassay.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans, and biphenyls (PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs) in breast milk and early childhood growth and IGF1.

Experimental studies have shown that dioxin-like chemicals may interfere with aspects of the endocrine system including growth. However, human background population studies are, however, scarce. We aimed to investigate whether early exposure of healthy infants to dioxin-like chemicals was associated with changes in early childhood growth and serum IGF1.

Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys.

Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used in Western countries.

Objectives: Because the prevalence of cryptorchidism appears to be increasing, we investigated whether exposure to PBDEs was associated with testicular maldescent.

Methods: In a prospective Danish-Finnish study, 1997-2001, all boys were examined for cryptorchidism.

[Recommendation for identical growth curves in Denmark].

Growth monitoring is essential for the evaluation of health in children. Growth and final height have changed over time, the secular trend, and therefore updated growth curves are important. In this article the growth curves in use in Denmark are reviewed.

Increase in maternal placental growth hormone during pregnancy and disappearance during parturition in normal and growth hormone-deficient pregnancies.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate placental growth hormone levels in maternal circulation throughout pregnancy in normal and growth hormone-deficient women with the use of a specific assay and to determine the clearance of placental growth hormone from maternal circulation after birth.

Study Design: Seventeen healthy pregnant women and 1 patient with growth hormone deficiency substituted with recombinant growth hormone during pregnancy participated in a longitudinal study from early pregnancy until birth with repetitive blood sampling and measurement of placental growth hormone levels throughout pregnancy. Furthermore, serial blood samples were drawn before, during, and after elective caesarean deliveries in 5 healthy women to calculate the half-life of placental growth hormone.

[Beta-thalassemia major in children and adolescents in Denmark].

Introduction: Beta-thalassemia major occurs with increasing frequency among Danish children as a result of immigration. The aim of the study was to estimate the occurrence of beta-thalassemia major in Denmark, analyse the treatment and organ functions, and identify areas for an improved treatment strategy.

Material And Methods: During 1998-99 all Danish pediatric departments were contacted for identification of children aged 0-18 years with beta-thalassemia major.

Gender difference in breast tissue size in infancy: correlation with serum estradiol.

Breast tissue in newborn infants is considered to be physiologic and mainly related to exposure to maternal hormones in utero or through breast-feeding. However, controversy exists as to whether breast tissue in later infancy is under the influence of endogenous hormones. Children at 2-4 mo of age have a surge of reproductive hormones, including estradiol, which may affect the mammary gland.

Impact of exposure to endocrine disrupters in utero and in childhood on adult reproduction.

Recent reports have demonstrated a decline in human male reproductive health: high and probably increasing prevalence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias, low and probably decreasing semen quality, a rising incidence of testicular cancer and a growing demand for assisted reproduction. These changes seem to be interrelated and may be symptoms of a common underlying entity, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome, with foundations in fetal life due to adverse environmental influences. Wildlife experience and animal studies have provided evidence that fetal or perinatal exposure to endocrine disrupters results in disturbed sexual differentiation and urogenital malformations followed by decreased reproductive health in adult life.