OCT Angiography to Predict Geographic Atrophy Progression using Choriocapillaris Flow Void as a Biomarker.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between choriocapillaris (CC) flow void (FV) percentage and geographic atrophy (GA) growth rate, and study how variations in FV percentage surrounding GA predict regional GA growth.

Methods: This prospective, longitudinal study enrolled subjects with GA secondary to nonexudative age-related macular degeneration. Optical coherence tomography angiography imaged the CC and FV percentage was evaluated using a validated algorithm.

Comparing Cone Structure and Function in RHO- and RPGR-Associated Retinitis Pigmentosa.

Purpose: To study cone structure and function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) owing to mutations in rhodopsin (RHO), expressed in rod outer segments, and mutations in the RP-GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene, expressed in the connecting cilium of rods and cones.

Methods: Four eyes of 4 patients with RHO mutations, 5 eyes of 5 patients with RPGR mutations, and 4 eyes of 4 normal subjects were studied. Cone structure was studied with confocal and split-detector adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Multimodal Imaging in Choroideremia.

Choroideremia (CHM) is associated with progressive degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choriocapillaris (CC), and photoreceptors. As animal models of CHM are lacking, most information about cell survival has come from imaging affected patients. This chapter discusses a combination of imaging techniques, including fundus-guided microperimetry, confocal and non-confocal adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) to analyze macular sensitivity, cone photoreceptor outer and inner segment structure, RPE structure, and CC perfusion, respectively.

Cone Structure Persists Beyond Margins of Short-Wavelength Autofluorescence in Choroideremia.

Purpose: We studied the relationship between structure and function of the choriocapillaris (CC), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and photoreceptors in patients with choroideremia (CHM).

Methods: Six CHM patients (12 eyes) and four normal subjects (six eyes) were studied with fundus-guided microperimetry, confocal and nonconfocal adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO), near-infrared and color fundus photos, short wavelength fundus autofluorescence (SW-AF), and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and angiography (SS-OCTA) images. Cone spacing was represented using Z-scores (standard deviations from the mean at that eccentricity).

Cone Spacing Correlates With Retinal Thickness and Microperimetry in Patients With Inherited Retinal Degenerations.

Purpose: To determine whether high-resolution retinal imaging measures of macular structure correlate with visual function over 36 months in retinal degeneration (RD) patients and normal subjects.

Methods: Twenty-six eyes of 16 RD patients and 16 eyes of 8 normal subjects were studied at baseline; 15 eyes (14 RD) and 11 eyes (6 normal) were studied 36 months later. Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) was used to identify regions of interest (ROIs) with unambiguous cones at baseline to measure cone spacing.

The spectral identity of foveal cones is preserved in hue perception.

Organisms are faced with the challenge of making inferences about the physical world from incomplete incoming sensory information. One strategy to combat ambiguity in this process is to combine new information with prior experiences. We investigated the strategy of combining these information sources in color vision.

Relationship Between Foveal Cone Structure and Visual Acuity Measured With Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy in Retinal Degeneration.

Purpose: To evaluate foveal function in patients with inherited retinal degenerations (IRD) by measuring visual acuity (VA) after correction of higher-order aberrations.

Methods: Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) was used to image cones in 4 healthy subjects and 15 patients with IRD. The 840-nm scanning laser delivered an "E" optotype to measure AOSLO-mediated VA (AOSLO-VA).

Dysflective cones: Visual function and cone reflectivity in long-term follow-up of acute bilateral foveolitis.

Purpose: Confocal adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) images provide a sensitive measure of cone structure. However, the relationship between structural findings of diminished cone reflectivity and visual function is unclear. We used fundus-referenced testing to evaluate visual function in regions of apparent cone loss identified using confocal AOSLO images.

Rod hue biases for foveal stimuli on CRT displays.

Signals from rod photoreceptors bias (shift) the hues determined by cone photoreceptors for extrafoveal mesopic stimuli, creating green, blue, and red rod hue biases at long, middle, and short wavelengths, respectively. The fovea contains far fewer rods and S cones but may not be immune to rod hue biases. Here, we determine the biases found for mesopic foveal stimuli presented on a CRT display.

Comparison of the Richmond HRR 4th edition and Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test for quantitative assessment of tritan color deficiencies.

Drugs and environmental factors can induce tritan deficiencies. The Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100 Hue Test has become the gold standard in measuring these acquired defects. However, the test is time consuming, and color discrimination is confounded by concentration and patience.