Assessing teachers' digital competence in primary and secondary education: Applying a new instrument to integrate pedagogical and professional elements for digital education.

Teachers' digital competence (DC) is an important condition for the effective application of technology in education. Although several DC tools have been designed, adjustments to digital education and pedagogical or professional components are still scarce. Therefore, this study aims at developing a new instrument for assessing teachers' DC regarding their pedagogical and professional activities in the context of digital school and digital education.

Development and validation of students' digital competence scale (SDiCoS).

Towards the transition to blended and remote education, evaluating the levels of students' digital competence and designing educational programs to advance them is of paramount importance. Existing validated digital competence scales usually ignore either important digital skills needed or new socio-technological innovations. This study proposes and validates a comprehensive digital competence scale for students in higher education.

A Comprehensive Instrument to Measure Teachers' Attitude towards Quality Management in the Context of Online Education.

The purpose of this study is to elaborate and validate a scale for the evaluation of the teachers' attitude towards quality management, by integrating elements of online education. Nine hundred and forty-two teachers from Romania have participated in the study. The exploratory factor analysis has led to the identification of three main dimensions of the scale: (1) communication and alignment; (2) needs and opportunities; and (3) training and support.

Negative emotions, cognitive load, acceptance, and self-perceived learning outcome in emergency remote education during COVID-19.

Learning related emotions (LREs) are determinant for students' achievement both in face-to-face and online education. Research has also shown that LREs tend to affect technology acceptance which in turn affects learning outcomes as well. Today though, the negative psychological impact of the COVID-19 crisis and the sudden transmission to obligatory remote education might yield different functions of emotions and acceptance on learning outcomes.

Development and validation of a students' remote learning attitude scale (RLAS) in higher education.

Considering the distinct particularities of emergency remote education (ERE) and the urgent need for new or adjusted measurement models, this study develops and validates a multidimensional instrument to measure students' attitude towards ERE. The Remote Learning Attitude Scale (RLAS) was explored and validated on a sample of 142 students participating in fully remote teaching and learning university programmes during the covid-19 crisis, in Greece. The exploratory factor analysis clearly revealed five dimensions, and the model was evaluated through PLS-SEM confirmatory factor analysis.