Parechovirus Infection in Early Childhood and Association With Subsequent Celiac Disease.

Introduction: To test whether parechovirus and anellovirus, frequent enteric viruses, were associated with subsequent celiac disease (CD). We hypothesized that children who later developed CD would have increased frequency of parechovirus infections before transglutaminase 2 (TG2) antibody development. Anellovirus testing was exploratory, as a potential marker of immune status.

Enterovirus as trigger of coeliac disease: nested case-control study within prospective birth cohort.

Objective: To determine whether infection with human enterovirus or adenovirus, both common intestinal viruses, predicts development of coeliac disease.

Design: Case-control study nested within Norwegian birth cohort recruited between 2001 and 2007 and followed to September 2016.

Setting: Norwegian population.

Virus genotyping by massive parallel amplicon sequencing: adenovirus and enterovirus in the Norwegian MIDIA study.

Objectives: Direct genotyping of adenovirus or enterovirus from clinical material using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Sanger sequencing is often difficult due to the presence of multiple virus types in a sample, or due to varying efficacy of PCR amplifying the capsid gene on the background of foreign nucleic acids. Here we present a simple protocol for virus genotyping using massive parallel amplicon sequencing.

Methods: The protocol utilized a set of 16 tailed degenerate primers flanking the seventh hypervariable region of the adenovirus hexon gene and 9 tailed degenerate primers targeted to the proximal portion of the enterovirus VP1 gene.