Identifying stimuli that cue multiple responses triggers the congruency sequence effect independent of response conflict.

According to most accounts of executive control, resisting distraction requires enhancing task-relevant processing, reducing task-irrelevant processing, or both. Consistent with this view, the congruency effect in Stroop-like tasks-a putative measure of distraction-is often smaller after highly distracting incongruent trials than after less distracting congruent trials. Competing accounts of executive control, however, differ on which aspect of an incongruent trial triggers this congruency sequence effect (CSE).

The congruency sequence effect transfers across different response modes.

The congruency effect observed in distracter interference tasks is usually smaller after incongruent relative to congruent trials. However, the nature of control processes underlying this congruency sequence effect (CSE) remains a topic of active debate. For example, while some researchers have suggested that these processes are recruited only when participants utilize the same response mode (e.