Attribution of neuropsychiatric symptoms and prioritisation of evidence in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric lupus: mixed methods analysis of patient and clinician perspectives from the international INSPIRE study.

Objective: Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) is challenging to diagnose. Many neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as headache and hallucinations, cannot be verified by tests or clinician assessment. We investigated prioritisations of methods for diagnosing NPSLE and attributional views.

Window of opportunity treatment in breast cancer.

Window of opportunity therapies, which involve short-term administration of systemic therapy between cancer diagnosis and surgery, have raised significant interest in recent years as a mean of assessing the sensitivity of a patient's cancer to therapy prior to surgery. There is now compelling evidence that in patients with early stage hormone-receptor positive breast cancer, a 2-week preoperative treatment with standard hormone therapies in a preoperative window period provides important prognostic information, which in turn helps to aid decision-making regarding treatment options. Changes in short-term biomarker endpoints such as cell proliferation measured by Ki-67 can act as surrogate markers of long-term outcomes.

Comorbidities Rather Than Age Are Associated With the Use of Immunomodulators in Elderly-onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background And Aim: The use of immunomodulators (IMs) is often avoided in elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to concerns about complications. Our aim is to compare the use of IMs in elderly and younger patients with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) and identify markers that predict their use.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, patients diagnosed with IBD from 1970 to 2009 were recruited from the "Sydney IBD Cohort.

Early use of thiopurines or methotrexate reduces major abdominal and perianal surgery in Crohn's disease.

Background: Earlier introduction of immunomodulators (IM) thiopurine or methotrexate is advocated to improve Crohn's disease (CD) outcomes, but whether abdominal surgery can be prevented remains controversial.

Methods: A specialist-referred cohort of CD was recruited from 1970 to 2009. Early IM use was defined as commencement of azathioprine or methotrexate within 3 years of CD diagnosis and adherence of at least 6 months.

Human papillomavirus type 16 E1 E4-induced G2 arrest is associated with cytoplasmic retention of active Cdk1/cyclin B1 complexes.

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) can cause cervical cancer. Expression of the viral E1 E4 protein is lost during malignant progression, but in premalignant lesions, E1 E4 is abundant in cells supporting viral DNA amplification. Expression of 16E1 E4 in cell culture causes G2 cell cycle arrest.

Overseas-based online pharmacies: a source of supply for illicit drug users?

Overseas-based online pharmacies dispense prescription medications without a prescription, thus creating an alternative source of pharmaceuticals for people using illicit drugs. Health professionals need to be aware of this new drug source, which may change the rates and patterns of illicit drug use in Australia. Because of the nature of the Internet, this issue needs to be dealt with at both an international and a national level.

Organization of human papillomavirus productive cycle during neoplastic progression provides a basis for selection of diagnostic markers.

The productive cycle of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) can be divided into discrete phases. Cell proliferation and episomal maintenance in the lower epithelial layers are followed by genome amplification and the expression of capsid proteins. These events, which occur in all productive infections, can be distinguished by using antibodies to viral gene products or to surrogate markers of their expression.

Life cycle heterogeneity in animal models of human papillomavirus-associated disease.

Animal papillomaviruses are widely used as models to study papillomavirus infection in humans despite differences in genome organization and tissue tropism. Here, we have investigated the extent to which animal models of papillomavirus infection resemble human disease by comparing the life cycles of 10 different papillomavirus types. Three phases in the life cycles of all viruses were apparent using antibodies that distinguish between early events, the onset of viral genome amplification, and the expression of capsid proteins.