Primary Care Interventions to Prevent or Treat Traumatic Stress in Childhood: A Systematic Review.

Objectives: To systematically assess the evidence base for prevention and treatment of child traumatic stress in primary care settings.

Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices, the National Child Traumatic Stress Network website, Google search.

Study Eligibility Criteria, Participants, And Interventions: Studies were eligible for inclusion if they described the results of intervention studies in a primary care setting addressing child traumatic stress.

Integrating mental health into adolescent annual visits: impact of previsit comprehensive screening on within-visit processes.

Purpose: To evaluate how a comprehensive, computerized, self-administered adolescent screener, the DartScreen, affects within-visit patient-doctor interactions such as data gathering, advice giving, counseling, and discussion of mental health issues.

Methods: Patient-doctor interaction was compared between visits without screening and those with the DartScreen completed before the visit. Teens, aged 15-19 years scheduled for an annual visit, were recruited at one urban and one rural pediatric primary care clinic.

Universal mental health screening in pediatric primary care: a systematic review.

Objective: Universal mental health screening in pediatric primary care is recommended, but studies report slow uptake and low rates of patient follow-through after referral to specialized services. This review examined possible explanations related to the process of screening, focusing on how parents and youth are engaged, and how providers evaluate and use screening results.

Method: A narrative synthesis was developed after a systematic review of 3 databases (plus follow-up of citations, expert recommendations, and checks for multiple publications about the same study).

Assessing the impact of a web-based comprehensive somatic and mental health screening tool in pediatric primary care.

Objective: To evaluate how parents and physicians perceive the utility of a comprehensive, electronic previsit screener, and to assess its impact on the visit.

Methods: A mixed methods design was used. English-speaking parents were recruited from 3 primary care systems (urban MD and rural NY and VT) when they presented for a well-child visit with a child 4 to 10 years of age.

Marriage Trajectories and Health Risk Behaviors Throughout Adulthood Among Urban African Americans.

Although previous studies have identified a protective effect of marriage on risky health behaviors, gaps remain in our understanding of how marriage improves health, particularly among African Americans. This study uses longitudinal data to take selection into account and examines whether marital trajectories that incorporate timing, stability, and duration of marriage affect health risk behaviors among a community cohort of urban African Americans followed for 35 years ( = 1,049). For both men and women, we find six marital trajectories.

Childhood and adolescent risk factors for comorbid depression and substance use disorders in adulthood.

The comorbidity of major depression and substance use disorders is well documented. However, thorough understanding of prevalence and early risk factors for comorbidity in adulthood is lacking, particularly among urban African Americans. With data from the Woodlawn Study, which follows a community cohort of urban African Americans from ages 6 to 42, we identify the prevalence of comorbidity and childhood and adolescent risk factors of comorbid depression and substance use disorders, depression alone, and substance use disorders alone.

Early life predictors of adult depression in a community cohort of urban African Americans.

Depression among African Americans residing in urban communities is a complex, major public health problem; however, few studies identify early life risk factors for depression among urban African American men and women. To better inform prevention programming, this study uses data from the Woodlawn Study, a well-defined community cohort of urban African Americans followed from age 6 to 42 years, to determine depression prevalence through midlife and identify childhood and adolescent risk factors for adult depression separately by gender. Results indicate that lifetime depression rates do not differ significantly by gender (16.

A prospective study of childhood and adolescent antecedents of homelessness among a community population of African Americans.

Much is known about contemporaneous correlates of homelessness from studies of homeless individuals. However, few studies have prospectively examined early antecedents and prevalence of homelessness in community populations. We use data from a 35-year study of a community population of African Americans to examine relationships between homelessness and prior structural, family, school, and behavioral influences.

Interrelationship of substance use and psychological distress over the life course among a cohort of urban African Americans.

Background: Substance use and psychological problems are major public health issues because of their high prevalence, co-occurrence, clustering in socio-economically disadvantaged groups, and serious consequences. However, their interrelationship over time is not well understood.

Methods: This study identifies and compares the developmental epidemiology from age 6 to 42 of substance use and psychological distress in a population of African American men and women.

A longitudinal study of substance use and violent victimization in adulthood among a cohort of urban African Americans.

Aims: This paper examines the effects of experiencing violent victimization in young adulthood on pathways of substance use from adolescence to mid-adulthood.

Design: Data come from four assessments of an African American community cohort followed longitudinally from age 6 to 42 years.

Setting: The cohort lived in the urban, disadvantaged Woodlawn neighborhood of Chicago in 1966.

Antecedents and consequences of marijuana use trajectories over the life course in an African American population.

Background: We examined developmental trajectories of marijuana use among a cohort of urban African Americans followed from first grade to mid adulthood. We compared risk factors in childhood and adolescence and consequences in mid adulthood across trajectory groups.

Methods: Using semiparametric group-based mixture modeling, five marijuana trajectories for men (n=455) and four trajectories for women (n=495) were identified extending from adolescence to young adulthood (age 32).

Effects of social integration on health: A prospective study of community engagement among African American women.

Research indicates that engagement in community organizations is positively associated with health, particularly among aging populations, yet few studies have examined in detail the influence of community engagement (CE) on later health among African Americans. This study provides a longitudinal assessment of the effects of CE over a 22-year period on physical and mental health among a population of urban African American women. Data were from the Woodlawn Study, a prospective study of children and their families from an African American community in Chicago.

Living Arrangements during Childrearing Years and Later Health of African American Mothers.

Using longitudinal data from the Woodlawn Project (N=680), this study examined how patterns of living arrangements among a community cohort of African American mothers were associated with later physical and emotional health. We identified eight patterns of stability and transition in living arrangements during the childrearing years. Health outcomes include SF-36 Physical Functioning, SF-36 Bodily Pain, depressed mood, and anxious mood.

Welfare receipt trajectories of African-American women followed for 30 years.

Although there has been much discussion about the persistence of poverty and welfare receipt among child-rearing women in the US, little is known about long-term patterns of poverty and welfare receipt or what differentiates those who remain on welfare from those who do not. Furthermore, are there distinctions between child-rearing women who are poor but not on welfare from those who do receive welfare? This study examined trajectories of welfare receipt and poverty among African-American women (n = 680) followed from 1966 to 1997. A semiparametric group-based approach revealed four trajectories of welfare receipt: no welfare (64.

Pathways to adult marijuana and cocaine use: a prospective study of African Americans from age 6 to 42.

This study examines pathways to adult marijuana and cocaine use in a cohort of African Americans from Woodlawn, an inner city community in Chicago. Assessments were conducted in first grade (age 6), adolescence (age 16), early adulthood (age 32), and in mid-adulthood (age 42). The "social adaptation life course "framework guided the focus on social adaptation, social bonds, and economic resources as predictors of adult drug use.

Effects of poverty and family stress over three decades on the functional status of older African American women.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the cumulative effects of poverty and family stressors to the later life functional status of African American women.

Methods: We used longitudinal data covering a 30-year period for a cohort of 553 African American women with common life experiences. Interviews were conducted with these women as young mothers, as mothers of adolescents, and in early old age (two thirds aged 60+).

The impact of early school behavior and educational achievement on adult drug use disorders: a prospective study.

Few longitudinal studies have examined the effects of education on drug use disorders among community populations of African Americans. This study explores the impact of multiple early education indicators on later problem drug use in an African American population followed for more than 35 years. The initial cohort comprised all 1st graders (N=1242, 51% female) living in the Woodlawn community of Chicago in 1966.

Childhood and adolescent antecedents of drug and alcohol problems: A longitudinal study.

Despite the serious health and economic consequences of drug and alcohol abuse and dependence, few studies have prospectively examined the etiology of this problem in non-clinical populations. This longitudinal study examines childhood and adolescent antecedents of drug and alcohol problems in adulthood among an African American cohort (n = 1242; 51% female) from Woodlawn, a neighborhood in Chicago. The participants were followed from age 6 to 32 years, and data were collected in first grade, adolescence, and adulthood.

Childhood and adolescent antecedents of substance use in adulthood.

Aims: To examine childhood antecedents of marijuana and cocaine use in adulthood.

Design: Epidemiological, longitudinal cohort study of African American first graders (age 6) followed to age 32.

Participants: Children (N=1242) and families in the 57 first grade classrooms from Woodlawn, an inner-city community in Chicago.