Landfill leachate has multiple negative impacts on soil health indicators in Hyrcanian forest, northern Iran.

The storage of municipal solid wastes in unengineered landfills poses a severe threat to soil functions and health. Wastes seriously threaten human health and the terrestrial ecosystem, especially due to heavy metals. There is a general knowledge gap about the long-term impacts of storage wastes on the soil health indicators which are effective on soil functions.

Soil function indicators are influenced by land use of different ages: A case study in a semi-arid region.

Soil function refers to all the roles and services that the soil performs, and can be assessed by measuring physical, chemical and biological properties. In any case, studies on the state of fertility and biological activities are now emphasized as indicators of soil functions. Degradation of rangelands and their conversion to agricultural land is one of the most common land use changes in different parts of the world, with significant impacts on soil functions.

Soil quality cannot be improved after thirty years of land use change from forest to rangeland.

Soil quality can be assessed by measuring its physical, chemical and biological properties. In terrestrial ecosystems, the knowledge of the status of soil quality under different land use/cover can increase our understanding of processes related to soil functioning and help to properly managing ecosystems and increase their services. Conversion of the forest to rangelands is one of the most common forms of land use change having a significant effect on soil quality indicators.