Basal and metoclopramide induced prolactin secretion in lean PCOS women.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as well as hyperprolactinemia can cause infertility. In retrospective study the prolactin levels during the oral metoclopramide test among lean PCOS woman according to four phenotypes and free androgen index (FAI) were compared. The study population consisted of 314 lean PCOS women.

Cesarean scar pregnancy - various methods of treatment.

Ectopic pregnancy constitutes 2% of all pregnancies. In the last decades, due to the rising amount of caesarean sections, new localization of ectopic pregnancy has been observed - caesarean scar pregnancy (CSP). Cesarean scar pregnancy is an iatrogenic disease and a life-threatening condition which frequency will systematically rise.

Blood pressure in postmenopausal women with a history of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder at reproductive age, affecting 6-10% of females in this group. The aetiology of this syndrome is not fully understood. Genetics, endocrinology factors, and the influence of the environment are possible causes of this syndrome.

Challenging iatrogenic menopause. Oncofertility programme in Poland - a single-centre experience.

Introduction: Menopause is defined as a 12-month period of time when menstruation permanently ceases. In some cases, menopause may be caused by external factors - for example gonadotoxic treatment that irreversibly damages ovarian tissue leading to loss of its hormonal and reproductive function. Oncofertility is a discipline that merges oncology and reproductive medicine, giving patients a chance to experience parenthood after gonadotoxic treatment is finished.

[Metformin–new potential medicine in pain treatment?].

Metformin, a drug of biguanide class, is now one of the most widely used drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and through AMPK activation, inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Recent literature has explored metformin as an option in pain management, given its role in the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and its ability to modulate pain in animal models.

[The ovarian origin of hiperandrogenism in the postmenopausal woman the adrenal adenoma--a case report].

Hyperandrogenism is a clinical condition characterized by excessive secretion of male sex hormones. An excess amount of androgens in women is manifested by symptoms of defeminization and masculinization. Hormonally active adrenal and ovarian tumors and non-tumor causes must be considered in the differential diagnosis.

[Cyclic Cushing's Syndrome - rare or rarely recognized].

Cyclic Cushing's syndrome is a type of Cushing's disease which is characterized by alternating periods of increasing and decreasing levels of cortisol in the blood. The diagnostic criteria for cyclic Cushing's syndrome are at least three periods of hypercortisolism alternating with at least two episodes of normal levels of serum cortisol concentration. The epidemiology, signs, symptoms, pathogenesis and treatment of cyclic Cushing's syndrome have been discussed.

Dysgerminoma and gonadoblastoma in the course of Swyer syndrome.

We present a case of a woman with primary amenorrhea. Ultrasound imaging showed a uterus of normal size but bands of connective tissues at the site of ovaries. A genetic test was done which revealed the XY karyotype.

[The disturbances of the thyroid hormone homeostasis caused by chemical substances occurring in natural environment].

The thyroid is an endocrine gland synthesizing, storaging and secreting thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Currently, there are more and more reports and evidences that various chemical contaminants present in the environment, mainly polychlorinated biphenyls, interfere with stages of regulation, synthesis, secretion, transport of thyroid hormones. That can have a significant negative impact on the human body's endocrine homeostasis.