The combined effects of alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy on birth outcomes.

Background: Exposure to alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy may lead to developmental disorders in the foetus and can also adversely impact pregnancy outcomes and the newborn’s health status.

Objective: Assessment of alcohol consumption and tobacco use during pregnancy as well as their impact on pregnancy outcomes and birth parameters of the newborn in a selected group of mothers with children aged ≤ 2 years.

Material And Methods: The study was conducted in 104 mothers with children aged ≤ 2 years living in the Mazowiecki Voivodeship.