Micronutrient Monitoring and Management in Parenteral Nutrition-Dependent Premature Neonates: A Case Series.

We present a prospective case series of 3 premature neonates with abnormal vitamin A, vitamin E, and selenium levels after being managed on prolonged parenteral nutrition (PN). All 3 patients experienced gastrointestinal complications including spontaneous intestinal perforation, necrotizing enterocolitis, and/or short bowel syndrome. Additionally, all 3 patients developed PN-associated liver disease, which required the use of a mixed lipid emulsion and a fish oil-based lipid emulsion for a short period of time.