Prognostic value of power doppler ultrasonography for equine superficial digital flexor tendon injury in thoroughbred racehorses.

The potential value of hypervascularity detected with power Doppler ultrasonography (PDU) within equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) as a prognostic factor of SDFT injury is not clear. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that hypervascularity within SDFT is one of the risk factors for subsequent severe SDFT injury and to evaluate the prognostic value. A prospective cohort study of 97 Thoroughbred racehorses without any clinical signs of SDFT injury was conducted.

Synthesis of Branch-Type 3-Allylindoles from -Alkyl--cinnamyl-2-ethynylaniline Derivatives Using π-Allylpalladium Chloride Complex as a Catalyst.

The reaction of -alkyl--cinnamyl-2-ethynylaniline derivatives via annulation and aza-Claisen-type rearrangement easily afforded corresponding branch-type 3-allylindoles with high regioselectivities in good yields using π-allylpalladium chloride complex as a catalyst.

Axially chiral -alkyl--cinnamoyl amide type P,olefin ligands for Pd-catalyzed reactions.

We synthesized -alkyl--cinnamoyl amide type phosphine-olefin compounds 1 and found axial chirality in a C(aryl)-N(amide) bond in compounds 1 by HPLC analysis using a chiral stationary phase column. We successfully obtained enantiomeric isomers of 1 and demonstrated the use of (-)-1 for chiral ligands in Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions of allylic esters with indoles (up to 97% ee).

Synthesis of 3-Allylindoles via Annulation of -Allyl-2-ethynylaniline Derivatives Using a P,Olefin Type Ligand/Pd(0) Catalyst.

Annulation of -allyl-2-ethynylaniline derivatives easily afforded the corresponding 2-substituted 3-allylindole derivatives in good to excellent yields using P,olefin ligand/palladium catalst systems.

Platelet Lysate Enhances Equine Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in A Bupivacaine-Induced Muscle Injury Model.

This study aimed to verify the effects of platelet lysate (PL) administration on the repair of injured horse tissue. Skeletal muscle injuries were induced in 26 Thoroughbreds by bupivacaine administration. PL or saline was administered 1 day (1D) after injury.

Attrition-Enhanced Asymmetric Transformation of Axially Chiral Nicotinamides by Dynamic Chiral Salt Formation.

Atroposelective resolution for axially chiral nicotinamides was achieved by dynamic chiral salt formation with L-DBTA using six types of nicotinamides that could not be optically resolved by the preferential crystallization method. Kinetic studies of their racemization indicated that the chiral conformation was retained for a significant period of time. Two methods of crystallization-induced asymmetric transformation were examined by dynamic diastereomeric salt formation: solvent evaporation from a supersaturated solution, and attrition-enhanced asymmetric transformation.

Cinnamoyl amide type chiral P,olefin ligands for Pd-catalyzed reactions.

We synthesized cinnamoyl amide type chiral P,olefin ligand ()-4. We successfully obtained separable diastereomers of 4d and demonstrated Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions of indoles using (,a)-4d as a chiral ligand with high enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee).

Asymmetric Synthesis of Indoline from Achiral Phthalimide Involving Crystallization-Induced Deracemization.

Asymmetric synthesis was performed by combining the photochemical reaction of an achiral substrate followed by crystallization-induced deracemization. The results indicated that a fused indoline produced by photochemical intramolecular δ-hydrogen abstraction and cyclization of N-(5-chloro-2-methylphenyl)phthalimide crystallized as a racemic conglomerate. Since this substrate has an aminal skeleton, racemization involving a ring-opening and ring-closing equilibrium process occurred under suitable conditions.

Detection and longitudinal distribution of GW1516 and its metabolites in equine hair for doping control using liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Rationale: GW1516 is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPAR-δ) agonist that is banned in horseracing and equestrian sports. Long-term detection and longitudinal distribution of GW1516 in the mane of a horse are reported for the first time and this hair analysis could prolong the detection window of GW1516 for doping control.

Methods: Mane hairs were divided into three segments (0-7, 7-15, and >15 cm from the cut end) and completely pulverized and homogenized for analysis.

Optimal double-spin method for maximizing the concentration of platelets in equine platelet-rich plasma.

This study optimized the double-spin conditions for preparing equine platelet-rich plasma (PRP): leukocyte-rich PRP (L-PRP) and leukocyte-poor PRP (P-PRP). Whole blood samples were centrifuged at various double-spin conditions. Both L-PRP and P-PRP were prepared at each stage, and complete blood counts and growth factor concentrations were compared.

Metabolic study of GW1516 in equine urine using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometry for doping control.

Rationale: The use of GW1516, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPAR δ) agonist, is strictly prohibited in both horseracing and equestrian competitions. However, little is known about its metabolic fate in horses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported metabolic study of GW1516 in equine urine.

Optimal activation methods for maximizing the concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor-BB and transforming growth factor-β1 in equine platelet-rich plasma.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has been widely applied in various medical fields including humans and horses. This study aimed to establish an optimal activation method to stably and reproducibly maximize the concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) contained in equine PRP. Autologous PRP was prepared from 11 Thoroughbreds.

Doping control analysis of GW1516 in equine plasma using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Rationale: GW1516 is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ agonist in the class of hormones and metabolic modulators. The use of GW1516 is banned in both horseracing and equestrian competitions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first metabolic study of GW1516 in horses.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of olopatadine following administration via nasogastric tube to healthy horses.

Objective: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and antihistaminic effects (pharmacodynamics) of olopatadine in a small population of healthy horses after administration via nasogastric tube.

Animals: 4 healthy adult Thoroughbreds.

Procedures: Olopatadine (0.

Chiral Symmetry Breaking of Spiropyrans and Spirooxazines by Dynamic Enantioselective Crystallization.

Dynamic enantioselective crystallization enabled the chiral symmetry breaking of two spiropyrans and one spirooxazine. The three spiro compounds afforded racemic conglomerate crystals, and easily racemized in alcoholic solution without irradiation. Optically pure enantiomorphic crystals were obtained by vapor-diffusion crystallization or attrition-enhanced deracemization (Viedma ripening).

Umpolung cyclization reaction of N-cinnamoylthioureas in the presence of DBU.

A novel regioselective cyclization reaction of N-cinnamoylthioureas leading to six- or five-membered heterocyclic compounds was developed. N-Cinnamoylthioureas in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) underwent the well-established intramolecular cycloaddition reaction to give 2-imino-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-4-ones in good yields. On the other hand, the reaction with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.

Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reaction Involving Dynamic Enantioselective Crystallization.

Asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction was achieved under achiral conditions. Reaction of prochiral 2-methylfuran and N-phenylmaleimide in heptane or hexane solution at 80 °C efficiently gave a conglomerate crystal of exo-type Diels-Alder adduct selectively, and continuous suspension of the reaction mixture with glass beads promoted attrition-enhanced deracemization, leading to an optically active exo-adduct in 90% ee.

A retrospective cohort study investigating risk factors for the failure of Thoroughbred racehorses to return to racing after superficial digital flexor tendon injury.

A retrospective cohort study was conducted to investigate risk factors for the failure of Thoroughbred racehorses to return to racing after an injury of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). Successful return was defined as the completion of five or more races after SDFT injury. The official Japan Racing Association (JRA) medical records of racehorses with a core-type SDFT injury were reviewed for clinical variables related to the characteristics of the horse and the severity of SDFT injuries at the time of diagnosis.

Stereoselective Photodimerization of 3-Arylindenones in Solution and in the Solid State.

Photodimerization of 3-arylindenones in solution and in the solid state was examined. Irradiation of 3-arylindenones in benzene exclusively gave C-symmetric anti-HH cyclobutane dimers in good yields. In contrast, photolysis in the solid state afforded syn-HH cyclobutane dimers efficiently, which was considerably influenced by the molecular arrangement in the crystal lattice.

Does the injection of platelet-rich plasma induce changes in the gene expression and morphology of intact Thoroughbred skeletal muscle?

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy is promising for treating skeletal muscle injuries in human athletes by promoting muscle regeneration. It might also be useful for treating muscle injuries in equine athletes. In the present study, muscle regeneration induced by injection of PRP into intact muscle of Thoroughbred was investigated.

The use of sonoelastography to assess the recovery of stiffness after equine superficial digital flexor tendon injuries: A preliminary prospective longitudinal study of the healing process.

Background: The objective assessment of the mechanical properties of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) could provide useful information for the rehabilitation of horses with SDFT injuries. Assessment of strain ratio (the strain of a standard reference divided by that of lesions) is a quantitative method in sonoelastography for evaluating tissue stiffness in vivo. As yet, no longitudinal studies have used strain ratio to evaluate the progression of stiffness in SDFT injuries.

Asymmetric Synthesis by Using Natural Sunlight under Absolute Achiral Conditions.

Irradiation of prochiral (E)-aroylacrylamide with sunlight gave single-handed pyrrolinone quantitatively and with an enantiomeric excess (ee) of over 99 % under absolutely achiral conditions. The phenomenon was explained by photoisomerization and reversible cyclization followed by dynamic crystallization involving deracemization.