DEHP and Its Metabolite MEHP Alter the and Gene Expression by Blunting the Interaction of Transcription Factors in L6 Myotubes.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) play an important role in the incidence of type-2 diabetes. Di-2-ethyl hexyl Phthalate (DEHP) is one of the endocrine-disrupting chemicals used as a plasticizer to impart flexibility and softness to plastic-containing materials. Mono-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate (MEHP), a DEHP's primary metabolite, is preferentially absorbed once metabolized.

Developmental exposure to DEHP alters hepatic glucose uptake and transcriptional regulation of GLUT2 in rat male offspring.

Type-2-diabetes (T2D) is a long term metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose and insulin resistance. It has become an alarming issue globally due to tremendous increase in number of new subjects every year. Apart from the classical factors, there are few non-classical factors such as environmental pollutants, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) which also play a major role in pathogenesis of T2D.

Maternal di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure alters hepatic insulin signal transduction and glucoregulatory events in rat F male offspring.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used plasticizer with endocrine disrupting properties. Its widespread use resulted in constant human exposure including fetal development and postnatal life. Epidemiological and experimental data have shown that DEHP has a negative influence on glucose homeostasis.

Postnatal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate alters cardiac insulin signaling molecules and GLUT4 phosphorylation in male rat offspring.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a distinctive endocrine-disrupting chemical, is widely used as a plasticizer in a variety of consumer products. It can easily cross the placenta and enter breast milk and then it is rapidly absorbed by offspring. Since it is generally accepted that individuals are more sensitive to chemical exposure during vital developmental periods, we investigated whether DEHP exposure during lactation affects cardiac insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in the F male rat offspring at postnatal day 22 (PND22).

Transient gestational exposure to drinking water containing excess hexavalent chromium modifies insulin signaling in liver and skeletal muscle of rat progeny.

Chromium (Cr), an essential micronutrient potentiates insulin action, whereas excess hexavalent Cr (CrVI) acts as an endocrine disruptor. Pregnant mothers living in areas abutting industries using the metal and chromite ore dumps are exposed to ground water contaminated with Cr. Nevertheless, the impact of prenatal exposure to excess CrVI on insulin signaling in the progeny remains obscure.

Effect of Bisphenol-A (BPA) on insulin signal transduction and GLUT4 translocation in gastrocnemius muscle of adult male albino rat.

Environmental estrogens bind to estrogen receptors, mimic estrogenic actions, and have adverse effects on human health like Bisphenol - A (BPA) which is used as a monomer in the production of polycarbonate plastics (PC) and epoxy resins which are used in variety of canned foods. Skeletal muscle plays an essential role in maintaining systemic glucose metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the possible effects of BPA on insulin signalling molecules and GLUT4 translocation in the gastrocnemius muscle of adult male rat.

Effects of DEHP and its metabolite MEHP on insulin signalling and proteins involved in GLUT4 translocation in cultured L6 myotubes.

Di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the plasticizer used in variety of medical and consumer products to impart structural flexibility. DEHP and its primary metabolite mono-(2-ethyl hexyl)phthalate (MEHP) posed a considerable interest because of their contribution to insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes and obesity. Experimental and epidemiological data have shown that DEHP affects blood glucose homeostasis.

Dose-dependent effect of Bisphenol-A on insulin signaling molecules in cardiac muscle of adult male rat.

Environmental contaminant, Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a xenoestrogen, an essential component used for the production of two classes of polymers such as polycarbonate and epoxy resin which disrupts the normal endocrine function. BPA has intense effects on mice endocrine pancreas, an essential tissue involved in glucose metabolism. It disrupts pancreatic β-cell insulin content, induces hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in male rats.

Ferulic acid exerts its antidiabetic effect by modulating insulin-signalling molecules in the liver of high-fat diet and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rat.

Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenolic phytochemical known for its antidiabetic property The present study is designed to evaluate the mechanism behind its antidiabetic property in high-fat and fructose-induced type 2 diabetic adult male rats. Animals were divided into 5 groups: (i) control, (ii) diabetic control, (iii) diabetic animals treated with FA (50 mg/(kg body weight · day)(-1), orally) for 30 days, (iv) diabetic animals treated with metformin (50 mg/(kg body weight · day)(-1), orally) for 30 days, and (v) control rats treated with FA. FA treatment to diabetic animals restored blood glucose, serum insulin, glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance to normal range.

Ferulic acid regulates hepatic GLUT2 gene expression in high fat and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rat.

GLUT2 is a bidirectional glucose transporter present in liver, kidney and pancreas. Studies have shown over-expression of GLUT2 in diabetic conditions. Ferulic acid (FA) is an antidiabetic phenolic phytocompound which is reported to regulate GLUT4 in vitro.

Phthalate exposure in utero causes epigenetic changes and impairs insulin signalling.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), widely used as a plasticiser. Developmental exposure to EDCs could alter epigenetic programming and result in adult-onset disease. We investigated whether DEHP exposure during development affects glucose homoeostasis in the F1 offspring as a result of impaired insulin signal transduction in gastrocnemius muscle.

Effect of troxerutin on insulin signaling molecules in the gastrocnemius muscle of high fat and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rat.

Troxerutin is a trihydroxyethylated derivative of the flavonoid, rutin. It has been reported to possess the hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperlipidemic activities. Troxerutin treatment reduced the blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in high-cholesterol-induced insulin-resistant mice and in type-2 diabetic patients.

Lactational exposure of phthalate impairs insulin signaling in the cardiac muscle of F1 female albino rats.

Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a ubiquitous endocrine disruptor and plasticizer of polyvinyl chloride, is being used in the manufacture of consumer and medical products as well as in children's toys. Fetuses and newborns are more sensitive to endocrine disruption. DEHP is a lipophilic substance, which could easily be transferred to the developing offspring through placenta or breast milk.

Effect of homeopathic preparations of Syzygium jambolanum and Cephalandra indica on gastrocnemius muscle of high fat and high fructose-induced type-2 diabetic rats.

Background: Homeopathy is a holistic method of treatment that uses microdoses of natural substances originating from plants, minerals, or animal parts. Syzygium jambolanum and Cephalandra indica are used in homeopathy for treatment of type-2 diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for such effects are not known.

Estradiol favors glucose oxidation in gastrocnemius muscle through modulation of insulin signaling molecules in adult female rats.

Introduction: Estrogens are steroid compounds that are synthesized in ovary, testis, adrenal cortex and other tissues. Several surveys have shown the potential relationship between estradiol and glucose homeostasis in physiological and pathological states such as the menstrual cycle, gestation, gestational diabetes mellitus and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). All these states are characterized by variability in estradiol level and some degree of insulin resistance.

Effect of Bisphenol-A on insulin signal transduction and glucose oxidation in liver of adult male albino rat.

Bisphenol-A (BPA) has been classified as an endocrine disruptor which disrupts normal cell function by acting as an estrogen agonist. Environmentally relevant doses of the Bisphenol-A have profound effects on rat endocrine pancreas, an essential organ involved in glucose homeostasis. Bisphenol-A acts on insulin releasing β-cells whereby it increases the pancreatic insulin content and secretion and also favours post prandial hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in male mice.

Protective role of lycopene against Aroclor 1254-induced changes on GLUT4 in the skeletal muscles of adult male rat.

Aroclor 1254 is the commercial mixture of highly toxic environmental pollutant, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Being immensely durable, it is extensively used and widely distributed. Studies show that Aroclor 1254 causes a variety of adverse health effects through free radical generation.

Excess aldosterone-induced changes in insulin signaling molecules and glucose oxidation in gastrocnemius muscle of adult male rat.

Emerging evidences demonstrate that excess aldosterone and insulin interact at target tissues. It has been shown that increased levels of aldosterone contribute to the development of insulin resistance and thus act as a risk factor for the development of type-2 diabetes mellitus. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this scenario are yet to be identified.

Phthalate is associated with insulin resistance in adipose tissue of male rat: role of antioxidant vitamins.

Diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer, commonly used in a variety of products, including lubricants, perfumes, hairsprays and cosmetics, construction materials, wood finishers, adhesives, floorings and paints. DEHP is an endocrine disruptor and it has a continuum of influence on various organ systems in human beings and experimental animals. However, specific effects of DEHP on insulin signaling in adipose tissue are not known.

Diethyl hexyl phthalate-induced changes in insulin signaling molecules and the protective role of antioxidant vitamins in gastrocnemius muscle of adult male rat.

Diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) is an endocrine disruptor, it influences various organ systems in human beings and experimental animals. DEHP reduced the serum testosterone and increased the blood glucose, estradiol, T(3) and T(4) in rats. However, the effect of DEHP on insulin signaling and glucose oxidation in skeletal muscle is not known.

Sex steroids influence glucose oxidation through modulation of insulin receptor expression and IRS-1 serine phosphorylation in target tissues of adult male rat.

Skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue are major insulin responsive target organs that also express androgen receptor. Testosterone (T) plays a role in maintaining normal insulin sensitivity in men but its effects on insulin target tissues are not fully understood. Our previous study showed that orchidectomy impairs glucose oxidation through decreased insulin receptor (IR) mRNA expression in skeletal muscles, liver, and adipose tissue of male rat.

Impact of experimental diabetes and insulin replacement on epididymal secretory products and sperm maturation in albino rats.

The present study is aimed to explore the impact of experimental diabetes and insulin replacement on epididymal secretory products, sperm count, motility, and fertilizing ability in albino rats. Prepubertal and adult male Wistar strain rats were made diabetic with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ), at 120 and 65 mg/kg body weight for prepubertal and adult rats, respectively. After 3 days of STZ administration, insulin was given to a group of diabetic rats at a dose of 3 U/100 g body weight, subcutaneously and killed after 20 days of treatment.

The effects of prolactin and corticosterone on insulin binding to rat Leydig cells.

The influence of prolactin (PRL) and corticosterone on insulin binding to purified rat Leydig cells was assessed in vitro. The lowest dose of PRL (50 ng/ml) increased (p<0.05) and the remaining PRL concentrations (100, 150, 200, 250 ng/ml) decreased (p<0.

Dihydrotestosterone is a determinant of calcaneal bone mineral density in men.

Male osteoporosis is an increasingly important health problem worldwide. Though androgen deficiency leads to bone loss in men, information on the relative contribution of aromatizable and non-aromatizable androgens in maintaining bone mineral density (BMD) and the mechanisms involved are unclear. This cross-sectional study was designed to explore the same.

Sex steroids deficiency impairs glucose transporter 4 expression and its translocation through defective Akt phosphorylation in target tissues of adult male rat.

There is a substantial body of evidence suggesting that altered level of sex steroids in male is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanism of this effect is not apparent. Our recent study indicated that testosterone deprivation decreases insulin receptor expression and glucose oxidation in insulin target tissues.