Rapid Detection of Cleanliness on Direct Bonded Copper Substrate by Using UV Hyperspectral Imaging.

In the manufacturing process of electrical devices, ensuring the cleanliness of technical surfaces, such as direct bonded copper substrates, is crucial. An in-line monitoring system for quality checking must provide sufficiently resolved lateral data in a short time. UV hyperspectral imaging is a promising in-line method for rapid, contactless, and large-scale detection of contamination; thus, UV hyperspectral imaging (225-400 nm) was utilized to characterize the cleanliness of direct bonded copper in a non-destructive way.

Prediction of Honeydew Contaminations on Cotton Samples by In-Line UV Hyperspectral Imaging.

UV hyperspectral imaging (225 nm-410 nm) was used to identify and quantify the honeydew content of real cotton samples. Honeydew contamination causes losses of millions of dollars annually. This study presents the implementation and application of UV hyperspectral imaging as a non-destructive, high-resolution, and fast imaging modality.

Titanium(IV) Surface Complexes Bearing Chelating Catecholato Ligands for Enhanced Band-Gap Reduction.

Protonolysis reactions between dimethylamido titanium(IV) catecholate [Ti(CAT)(NMe)] and neopentanol or tris(-butoxy)silanol gave catecholato-bridged dimers [(Ti(CAT)(OCHBu))(HNMe)] and [Ti(CAT){OSi(OBu)}(HNMe)], respectively. Analogous reactions using the dimeric dimethylamido titanium(IV) (3,6-di--butyl)catecholate [Ti(CATBu-3,6)(NMe)] yielded the monomeric Ti(CATBu-3,6)(OCHBu)(HNMe) and Ti(CATBu-3,6)[OSi(OBu)](HNMe). The neopentoxide complex Ti(CATBu-3,6)(OCHBu)(HNMe) engaged in further protonolysis reactions with Si-OH groups and was consequentially used for grafting onto mesoporous silica KIT-6.

Simultaneous Determination of Droplet Size, pH Value and Concentration to Evaluate the Aging Behavior of Metalworking Fluids.

Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are widely used to cool and lubricate metal workpieces during processing to reduce heat and friction. Extending a MWF's service life is of importance from both economical and ecological points of view. Knowledge about the effects of processing conditions on the aging behavior and reliable analytical procedures are required to properly characterize the aging phenomena.

Comparison of Whiskbroom and Pushbroom darkfield elastic light scattering spectroscopic imaging for head and neck cancer identification in a mouse model.

The early detection of head and neck cancer is a prolonged challenging task. It requires a precise and accurate identification of tissue alterations as well as a distinct discrimination of cancerous from healthy tissue areas. A novel approach for this purpose uses microspectroscopic techniques with special focus on hyperspectral imaging (HSI) methods.

UV Hyperspectral Imaging as Process Analytical Tool for the Characterization of Oxide Layers and Copper States on Direct Bonded Copper.

Hyperspectral imaging and reflectance spectroscopy in the range from 200-380 nm were used to rapidly detect and characterize copper oxidation states and their layer thicknesses on direct bonded copper in a non-destructive way. Single-point UV reflectance spectroscopy, as a well-established method, was utilized to compare the quality of the hyperspectral imaging results. For the laterally resolved measurements of the copper surfaces an UV hyperspectral imaging setup based on a pushbroom imager was used.

Exploring the hidden depth by confocal Raman experiments with variable objective aperture and magnification.

The article analyzes experimentally and theoretically the influence of microscope parameters on the pinhole-assisted Raman depth profiles in uniform and composite refractive media. The main objective is the reliable mapping of deep sample regions. The easiest to interpret results are found with low magnification, low aperture, and small pinholes.

Use of Hyperspectral Imaging for the Quantification of Organic Contaminants on Copper Surfaces for Electronic Applications.

To correctly assess the cleanliness of technical surfaces in a production process, corresponding online monitoring systems must provide sufficient data. A promising method for fast, large-area, and non-contact monitoring is hyperspectral imaging (HSI), which was used in this paper for the detection and quantification of organic surface contaminations. Depending on the cleaning parameter constellation, different levels of organic residues remained on the surface.

A Process Analytical Concept for In-Line FTIR Monitoring of Polysiloxane Formation.

The chemical synthesis of polysiloxanes from monomeric starting materials involves a series of hydrolysis, condensation and modification reactions with complex monomeric and oligomeric reaction mixtures. Real-time monitoring and precise process control of the synthesis process is of great importance to ensure reproducible intermediates and products and can readily be performed by optical spectroscopy. In chemical reactions involving rapid and simultaneous functional group transformations and complex reaction mixtures, however, the spectroscopic signals are often ambiguous due to overlapping bands, shifting peaks and changing baselines.

Direct optical detection of cell density and viability of mammalian cells by means of UV/VIS spectroscopy.

The critical process parameters cell density and viability during mammalian cell cultivation are assessed by UV/VIS spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analytical methods. This direct optical detection technique uses a commercial optical probe to acquire spectra in a label-free way without signal enhancement. For the cultivation, an inverse cultivation protocol is applied, which simulates the exponential growth phase by exponentially replacing cells and metabolites of a growing Chinese hamster ovary cell batch with fresh medium.

Pigmentation of White, Brown, and Green Chicken Eggshells Analyzed by Reflectance, Transmittance, and Fluorescence Spectroscopy.

We report on the reflectance, transmittance and fluorescence spectra (=200-1200 nm) of four types of chicken eggshells (white, brown, light green, dark green) measured in situ without pretreatment and after ablation of 20-100 μm of the outer shell regions. The color pigment protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is embedded in the protein phase of all four shell types as highly fluorescent monomers, in the white and light green shells additionally as non-fluorescent dimers, and in the brown and dark green shells mainly as non-fluorescent poly-aggregates. The green shell colors are formed from an approximately equimolar mixture of PPIX and biliverdin.

A novel LED-based 2D-fluorescence spectroscopy system for in-line monitoring of Chinese hamster ovary cell cultivations - Part I.

A new two-dimensional fluorescence sensor system was developed for in-line monitoring of mammalian cell cultures. Fluorescence spectroscopy allows for the detection and quantification of naturally occurring intra- and extracellular fluorophores in the cell broth. The fluorescence signals correlate to the cells' current redox state and other relevant process parameters.

Characterization of Oxide Layers on Technical Copper Material Using Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy as a Rapid On-Line Analysis Tool.

An ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy method was developed that can quantitatively characterize a technical copper surface to determine oxide layers and organic impurities. The oxide layers were produced by a heating step at 175 ℃ for four different times (range = 1-10 min). Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to establish a relation between the UV-Vis spectra and film thickness measurements using Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiles.

Elastic and inelastic light scattering spectroscopy and its possible use for label-free brain tumor typing.

This paper presents an approach for label-free brain tumor tissue typing. For this application, our dual modality microspectroscopy system combines inelastic Raman scattering spectroscopy and Mie elastic light scattering spectroscopy. The system enables marker-free biomedical diagnostics and records both the chemical and morphologic changes of tissues on a cellular and subcellular level.

Process analytical techniques for hot-melt extrusion and their application to amorphous solid dispersions.

Newly developed active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are often poorly soluble in water. As a result the bioavailability of the API in the human body is reduced. One approach to overcome this restriction is the formulation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), e.

Hyperspectral backscatter imaging: a label-free approach to cytogenetics.

Current techniques for chromosome analysis need to be improved for rapid, economical identification of complex chromosomal defects by sensitive and selective visualisation. In this paper, we present a straightforward method for characterising unstained human metaphase chromosomes. Backscatter imaging in a dark-field setup combined with visible and short near-infrared spectroscopy is used to monitor morphological differences in the distribution of the chromosomal fine structure in human metaphase chromosomes.

Comparative Raman study of transparent and turbid materials: models and experiments in the remote sensing mode.

The influence of turbidity on the Raman signal strengths of condensed matter is theoretically analyzed and measured with laboratory - scale equipment for remote sensing. The results show the quantitative dependence of back- and forward-scattered signals on the thickness and elastic-scattering properties of matter. In the extreme situation of thin, highly turbid layers, the measured Raman signal strengths exceed their transparent analogs by more than a factor of ten.

Penetration of light into multiple scattering media: model calculations and reflectance experiments. Part II: The radial transfer.

In continuation of our contribution to "The Axial Transfer" (Appl. Spectr. 2012.

Penetration of light into multiple scattering media: model calculations and reflectance experiments. Part I: the axial transfer.

The article presents two general equations of radiation penetration into layers of diffuse reflectors. One of the equations describes the depth origins of reflection, the other the depth profiles of absorption. The equations are evaluated within the theory of radiative transfer applying various degrees of analytical approximations and Monte Carlo simulations.

Dark-field scattering microscopy for spectral characterization of polystyrene aggregates.

Light scattering measurements of particle aggregates contain complex information which is difficult to decrypt. Dark-field scattering microscopy in the visible range is used to characterize multi-arranged polystyrene beads. First, measured light scattering spectra of single spheres are compared with the Mie theory.