Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia.

Rationale: Postpartum iron deficiency anaemia is caused by antenatal iron deficiency or excessive blood loss at delivery and might affect up to 50% of labouring women in low- and middle-income countries. Effective and safe treatment during early motherhood is important for maternal well-being and newborn care. Treatment options include oral iron supplementation, intravenous iron, erythropoietin, and red blood cell transfusion.

Immunotherapy for advanced and recurrent malignant pleural mesothelioma.

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (single-agent or combination therapy) in people with advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma in a first-line or salvage setting.

Effect of screening mammography on the risk of breast cancer deaths and of all-cause deaths: a systematic review with meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Objectives: Observational cohort studies are used to evaluate the effectiveness of screening mammography in women offered screening. Because screening mammography has no effect on causes of death other than breast cancer (BC), cohort studies should show reductions in the risk of BC death substantially greater than possible reductions in the risk of all-cause death. We assessed the risk of BC deaths and of all-cause (or of nonBC) deaths associated with screening mammography attendance reported in cohort studies.

Workplace interventions to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection outside of healthcare settings.

Background: Although many people infected with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) experience no or mild symptoms, some individuals can develop severe illness and may die, particularly older people and those with underlying medical problems. Providing evidence-based interventions to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection has become more urgent with the potential psychological toll imposed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Controlling exposures to occupational hazards is the fundamental method of protecting workers.

[Not Available].

Ten questions to assess to what degree a clinical practice guideline is likely to be trustworthy: 1) Do the authors have conflicts of interests? 2) Is the clinical question relevant? 3) Have relevant stakeholders been involved? 4) Have methods for study selection been described? 5) Is there a link between evidence and recommendations (transparent methods)? 6) Has the certainty of evidence been assessed? 7) Have the methods for reaching recommendations been described? 8) Are the recommendations unambiguous? 9) Are the recommendations relevant in your situation? 10) Is there an implementation strategy?

[Not Available].

The issue of this review is diagnostic accuracy studies by means of which it can be determined how precisely a test can identify patients with or without a given target condition. Diagnostic accuracy studies vary substantially in design but usually report outcome measures such as sensitivity and specificity. Diagnostic accuracy studies can be critically appraised by using QUADAS-2.

Methods proposed for monitoring the implementation of evidence-based research: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives: Evidence-based research (EBR) is the systematic and transparent use of prior research to inform a new study so that it answers questions that matter in a valid, efficient, and accessible manner. This study surveyed experts about existing (e.g.

Maternal factors associated with labor dystocia in low-risk nulliparous women. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To identify maternal factors associated with labor dystocia in low-risk nulliparous women.

Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane, and CINAHL were searched for intervention studies and observational studies published from January 2000 to January 2022.

[Many sources of bias in medical research: experience from systematic reviews].

A well-conducted systematic review requires a scrupulous assessment of the design of included studies. This may unveil major issues in how studies were planned, conducted and reported. This section presents a few examples.

Quantification of overdiagnosis in randomised trials of cancer screening: an overview and re-analysis of systematic reviews.

The degree of overdiagnosis in common cancer screening trials is uncertain due to inadequate design of trials, varying definition and methods used to estimate overdiagnosis. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the risk of overdiagnosis for the most widely implemented cancer screening programmes and assess the implications of design limitations and biases in cancer screening trials on the estimates of overdiagnosis by conducting an overview and re-analysis of systematic reviews of cancer screening. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library from their inception dates to November 29, 2021.

Biomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in primary care.

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are by far the most common reason for prescribing an antibiotic in primary care, even though the majority of ARIs are of viral or non-severe bacterial aetiology. It follows that in many cases antibiotic use will not be beneficial to a patient's recovery but may expose them to potential side effects. Furthermore, limiting unnecessary antibiotic use is a key factor in controlling antibiotic resistance.

Description of antidepressant withdrawal symptoms in clinical practice guidelines on depression: A systematic review.

Background: Antidepressant withdrawal symptoms may mimic symptoms of depression relapse and can be challenging for patients when tapering or discontinuing antidepressants. We aimed to assess how withdrawal symptoms are described in major clinical practice guidelines on depression.

Methods: Systematic review of major clinical practice guidelines on depression from the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Singapore, Ireland, and New Zealand.

Workplace interventions to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection outside of healthcare settings.

Background: Although many people infected with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) experience no or mild symptoms, some individuals can develop severe illness and may die, particularly older people and those with underlying medical problems. Providing evidence-based interventions to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection has become more urgent with the spread of more infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoC), and the potential psychological toll imposed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.   Controlling exposures to occupational hazards is the fundamental method of protecting workers.

Extended-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults.

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric diagnosis increasingly used in adults. The recommended first-line pharmacological treatment is central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, such as methylphenidate, but uncertainty remains about its benefits and harms.

Objectives: To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of extended-release formulations of methylphenidate in adults diagnosed with ADHD.

Clinical practice guideline recommendations on tapering and discontinuing antidepressants for depression: a systematic review.

Background: Tapering and discontinuing antidepressants are important aspects of the management of patients with depression and should therefore be considered in clinical practice guidelines.

Objectives: We aimed to assess the extent and content, and appraise the quality, of guidance on tapering and discontinuing antidepressants in major clinical practice guidelines on depression.

Methods: Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines on depression issued by national health authorities and major national or international professional organisations in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Singapore, Ireland and New Zealand (PROSPERO CRD42020220682).

Clinical trials were missing from regulatory documents of extended-release methylphenidate for ADHD in adults: a case study of public documents.

Objectives: To assess whether drug regulatory agencies decided on applications for extended-release methylphenidate for use in adult ADHD based on select samples of trials.

Study Design And Setting: Case series of publicly available regulatory documents. We matched an index of extended-release methylphenidate trials for adult ADHD with trials appearing in regulatory documents of extended-release methylphenidate applications.