Self-Reported Multidimensional Gender Identity in Autistic and Non-Autistic Children.

Absract: PURPOSE: The several prior studies assessing gender identity in young autistic individuals mostly included a mix of child and adolescent participants, heavily relied on parent-reported measures, and yielded mixed findings. A single parent-reported item from the Child Behavior Checklist assessing "wish to be of the opposite sex" was employed in most of these studies. Only one prior study focused specifically on children, but that study employed parent-reported measures.

An Empirical Qualitative Investigation into Psychosexual Development in and Sex Education for Autistic Youth: Insights from Autistic and Non-Autistic Young Adults.

The present study was designed to examine autistic and non-autistic young adults' lived experience in psychosexual development and sex education and to solicit recommendations on how to improve sex education programs. Participants included 10 autistic young adults and 10 non-autistic young adults aged 18 to 24 years. The two groups were matched for sex and education level.

The Chinese 10-Item Empathy Quotient and Systemising Quotient-Revised: Internal Consistency, Test-Retest Reliability, Known-Groups Validity, and Sex Differences in Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults.

Purpose: The 10-item version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-10) and the Systemising Quotient-Revised (SQ-R-10) were originally developed in the English-speaking population. However, little is known about the reliability of these measures. There is also extremely limited research translating or evaluating any translated version of these 10-item measures.

White matter variations in congenital adrenal hyperplasia: possible implications for glucocorticoid treatment.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia has been reported to manifest with white matter aberrations. However, many previous studies included only small samples, restricted their analyses to females, lacked a control group and/or did not correct for brain size. Here, we examined the largest sample to date, comprising 53 male and female participants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, who were matched with 53 male and female controls in terms of sex, age, education, and verbal intelligence.

Autistic Traits, Gender Minority Stress, and Mental Health in Transgender and Non-Binary Adults.

The present study investigated the relation between autistic traits and gender minority stress and the relative importance of autistic traits and gender minority stress in predicting mental health outcomes in gender minority adults. An online survey was completed by 90 transgender women, 72 transgender men, 48 non-binary individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB), and 98 non-binary individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB). Autistic traits positively correlated with internalised transphobia in the non-binary groups.

Recalled Childhood Gender-Related Play Behaviour and Current Gender-Related Occupational Interests in University Students: Examining the Mediating Roles of Gender Compatibility, Goal Endorsement, and Occupational Stereotype Flexibility.

Substantial average gender differences in childhood play behaviour and occupational interests have been well-documented. Recent research shows that childhood gender-related play behaviour longitudinally predicts gender-related occupational interests in adolescence (Kung, 2021). The first aim of the present study was to extend this recent finding by examining whether university students' recalled childhood gender-related play behaviour predicts their current gender-related occupational interests.

Preschool Gender-Typed Play Behavior Predicts Adolescent Gender-Typed Occupational Interests: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study.

There are significant gender differences in both play behavior and occupational interests. Play has been regarded as an important medium for development of skills and personal characteristics. Play may also influence subsequent preferences through social and cognitive processes involved in gender development.

No relationship between prenatal or early postnatal androgen exposure and autistic traits: evidence using anogenital distance and penile length measurements at birth and 3 months of age.

Background: Autism is more prevalent in males than in females. Hypotheses related to the extreme male brain theory of autism suggest that heightened androgen exposure during early development contributes to autistic traits. Whilst prior research focused mostly on the prenatal period, the current study tests the influences of androgen exposure during both the prenatal and the early postnatal periods on autistic traits during childhood.

Autistic traits, systemising, empathising, and theory of mind in transgender and non-binary adults.

Background: Prior research examining autistic traits in gender minority adults has reported mixed findings. Most prior studies did not include non-binary individuals. Little is known about the mechanisms shaping autistic traits in gender minority adults.

Emotional and behavioral adjustment in 4 to 11-year-old boys and girls with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia and unaffected siblings.

It has been suggested that atypical hormone environments during early development may contribute to subsequent development of psychopathology. Also, it has been suggested that individuals with the autosomal recessive genetic variant, classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), might be at increased risk of psychopathology. The present study examined emotional and behavioral adjustment in young children with CAH and their unaffected siblings in the United Kingdom.

Preschool Gender-Typed Play Behavior at Age 3.5 Years Predicts Physical Aggression at Age 13 Years.

Gender differences in play behavior and physical aggression have been consistently reported. Theoretical perspectives concerning evolutionary, social, and social-cognitive mechanisms suggest that male-typical play behavior during childhood increases subsequent physical aggression. The evidence supporting these connections is limited, however.

Childhood gender-typed behavior and adolescent sexual orientation: A longitudinal population-based study.

Lesbian and gay individuals have been reported to show more interest in other-sex, and/or less interest in same-sex, toys, playmates, and activities in childhood than heterosexual counterparts. Yet, most of the relevant evidence comes from retrospective studies or from prospective studies of clinically referred, extremely gender nonconforming children. In addition, findings are mixed regarding the relation between childhood gender-typed behavior and the later sexual orientation spectrum from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively lesbian/gay.

No relationship between prenatal androgen exposure and autistic traits: convergent evidence from studies of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and of amniotic testosterone concentrations in typically developing children.

Background: There is a marked male preponderance in autism spectrum conditions. The extreme male brain theory and the fetal androgen theory of autism suggest that elevated prenatal testosterone exposure is a key contributor to autistic traits. The current paper reports findings from two separate studies that test this hypothesis.

Early postnatal testosterone predicts sex-related differences in early expressive vocabulary.

During the first few years of life, girls typically have a larger expressive vocabulary than boys. This sex difference is important since a small vocabulary may predict subsequent language difficulties, which are more prevalent in boys than girls. The masculinizing effects of early androgen exposure on neurobehavioral development are well-documented in nonhuman mammals.

No relationship between early postnatal testosterone concentrations and autistic traits in 18 to 30-month-old children.

Background: Some previous research has suggested that testosterone prenatally contributes to gender differences in autistic traits, but little is known about the role of testosterone during early postnatal development (mini-puberty). Two prior studies found no sex difference in testosterone postnatally in saliva samples and detected little to no relationship between testosterone postnatally and autistic traits in toddlers. These findings may reflect late measurements of testosterone at 3 to 4 months of age, after the peak of mini-puberty at 1 to 3 months of age.