Comparing Test-Taking Effort Between Paper-Based and Computer-Based Tests.

The article compares the trajectories of students' self-reported test-taking effort during a 120 minutes low-stakes large-scale assessment of English comprehension between a paper-and-pencil (PPA) and a computer-based assessment (CBA). Test-taking effort was measured four times during the test. Using a within-subject design, each of the = 2,676 German ninth-grade students completed half of the test in PPA and half in CBA mode, where the sequence of modes was balanced between students.

When Nonresponse Mechanisms Change: Effects on Trends and Group Comparisons in International Large-Scale Assessments.

Mechanisms causing item nonresponses in large-scale assessments are often said to be nonignorable. Parameter estimates can be biased if nonignorable missing data mechanisms are not adequately modeled. In trend analyses, it is plausible for the missing data mechanism and the percentage of missing values to change over time.