CD4, CD20 and PD-L1 as Markers of Recurrence in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Introduction: A tumor microenvironment plays an important role in bladder cancer development and in treatment response.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess how the components of the microenvironment affect tumor recurrence and to find the potential biomarkers for immunotherapy in NMIBC.

Methods: The study group consisted of 55 patients with primary NMIBC.

Tumour microenvironment as a predictive factor for immunotherapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer (BC) can be divided into two subgroups depending on invasion of the muscular layer: non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Its aggressiveness is associated, inter alia, with genetic aberrations like losses of 1p, 6q, 9p, 9q and 13q; gain of 5p; or alterations in the p53 and p16 pathways. Moreover, there are reported metabolic disturbances connected with poor diagnosis-for example, enhanced aerobic glycolysis, gluconeogenesis or haem catabolism.