The latest shallow-sea isocrinids from the Miocene of Paratethys and implications to the Mesozoic marine revolution.

The predation-driven Mesozoic marine revolution (MMR) is believed to have induced a dramatic change in the bathymetric distribution of many shallow marine invertebrates since the late Mesozoic. For instance, stalked crinoids - isocrinids (Isocrinida) have undergone a striking decline in shallow-sea environments and today they are restricted to deep-sea settings (below 100 m depth). However, the timing and synchronicity of this shift are a matter of debate.

Unraveling the hidden paleobiodiversity of the Middle Devonian (Emsian) crinoids (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) from Poland.

Most previous publications on Devonian crinoids from the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland have concentrated on crinoid columns, and until now, little has been published about crinoid cups and calyxes. Herein, five crinoid taxa are described from an abundant occurrence of aboral cups and partial crowns from the Bukowa Góra Member (Emsian) in the Holy Cross Mountains of southern Poland. The following taxa are described: sp.

Substrate type and palaeodepth do not affect the Middle Jurassic taxonomic diversity of crinoids.

Crinoids are largely considered as good indicators for determining environmental conditions. They are robust proxies for inferring changes in salinity and sedimentation rate and for inferring substrate type. Some crinoid groups (.