[ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MEDICAL ETHICS].

Artificial intelligence has burst into our lives with great vigor in recent years. We encounter it in all areas of life, as well as in the field of medicine. The article refers to medical ethics in two areas: One field is medicine based on Mega Data and the other is the chatbot or ChatGPT.

Arthropod removal in wheat fields enhanced yield regardless of natural habitat patch proximity.

Natural habitat patches can be essential in conserving biodiversity and providing ecosystem services for agroecological systems. However, adopting a land-sharing approach requires a deep understanding of the agricultural costs and benefits associated with the existence of adjacent natural habitat patches. We used 17 paired natural habitat patch-wheat field replicates to test the effects of distance from the natural patches and removal of ground-dwelling arthropods from the field on the wheat yield.

[CUFFING PRISONERS AND DETAINEES IN ISRAELI HOSPITALS - A MULTI-CENTER STUDY].

Aims: To describe the extent of prisoner/detainee cuffing and characterize cuffing methods.

Background: Thousands of prisoners and detainees receive medical treatment in Israeli hospitals every year. According to the Israeli law, cuffing during hospital stay should be an exceptional measure, to be considered only in cases of real threat of violence or escape, based on individual assessment.

Ethics of sharing medical knowledge with the community: is the physician responsible for medical outreach during a pandemic?

A recent update to the Geneva Declaration's 'Physician Pledge' involves the ethical requirement of physicians to share medical knowledge for the benefit of patients and healthcare. With the spread of COVID-19, pockets exist in every country with different viral expressions. In the Chareidi ('ultra-orthodox') religious community, for example, rates of COVID-19 transmission and dissemination are above average compared with other communities within the same countries.

Breast-Specific Epigenetic Regulation of DeltaNp73 and Its Role in DNA-Damage-Response of -Mutated Human Mammary Epithelial Cells.

The function of BRCA1/2 proteins is essential for maintaining genomic integrity in all cell types. However, why women who carry deleterious germline mutations in face an extremely high risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers specifically has remained an enigma. We propose that breast-specific epigenetic modifications, which regulate tissue differentiation, could team up with BRCA deficiency and affect tissue susceptibility to cancer.

Israeli Position Paper: Triage Decisions for Severely Ill Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Joint Commission of the Israel National Bioethics Council, the Ethics Bureau of the Israel Medical Association and Representatives from the Israeli Ministry of Health.

Objectives: This document provides an English translation of the Israeli Joint Commission's national guidelines for triaging severely ill patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods: Four subcommittees of medical, legal, ethical-social, and religious experts developed the general principles and practical medical criteria for triaging scarce life-saving resources.

Results: The guidelines provide an overview of general principles as well as pragmatic medical criteria and a practical triage protocol to be followed should the healthcare system be overwhelmed due to COVID-19.

Characterizing excised breast masses in children and adolescents-Can a more aggressive pathology be predicted?

Purpose: Our aim was to characterize excised breast masses in children and adolescent and to identify factors associated with a more aggressive pathology.

Methods: Retrospective review of all female patients <19 who underwent excision of breast masses at our institution between 1999 and 2018. Demographic, clinical, imaging, pathological and management data were collected.

Implementation of controllable universal unital optical channels.

We show that a configuration of four birefringent crystals and wave-plates can emulate almost any arbitrary unital channel for polarization qubits encoded in single photons, where the channel settings are controlled by the wave-plate angles. The scheme is applied to a single spatial mode and its operation is independent of the wavelength and the fine temporal properties of the input light. We implemented the scheme and demonstrated its operation by applying a dephasing environment to classical and quantum single-photon states with different temporal properties.

Truth-telling and doctor-assisted death as perceived by Israeli physicians.

Background: Medicine has undergone substantial changes in the way medical dilemmas are being dealt with. Here we explore the attitude of Israeli physicians to two debatable dilemmas: disclosing the full truth to patients about a poor medical prognosis, and assisting terminally ill patients in ending their lives.

Methods: Attitudes towards medico-ethical dilemmas were examined through a nationwide online survey conducted among members of the Israeli Medical Association, yielding 2926 responses.

Prophylactic irradiation to the contralateral breast for BRCA mutation carriers with early-stage breast cancer.

Background: Women who carry germ-line mutations in BRCA1/2 are at very high risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. Breast conserving therapy is associated with a similar risk of ipsilateral cancer recurrence in BRCA carriers compared with non-carriers. However, the risk of subsequent contralateral breast cancer in carriers is markedly increased.

Mapping breast tissue types by miniature radio-frequency near-field spectroscopy sensor in ex-vivo freshly excised specimens.

Background: Receiving real-time information on tissue properties while performing biopsy procedures has the potential of improving biopsy accuracy. The study goal was to test the ability of a miniature flexible Radio-Frequency (RF) sensor (Dune Medical Devices), designed to be mounted on the surface of surgical tools, in measuring and mapping the various breast tissue types and abnormalities in terms of electrical properties.

Methods: Between January and October 2012, 102 patients undergoing lumpectomy, open-biopsy or mastectomy, in 3 medical centers, were enrolled in this study.

An intraoperative MRI system for margin assessment in breast conserving surgery: Initial results from a novel technique.

Background And Objectives: One of the major unmet needs in Breast Conserving Surgery (BCS) is a rapid and accurate margin assessment of the lumpectomy specimen. This study evaluates the ability of a novel MRI system (prototype of the ClearSight™ system; Clear-Cut Medical Ltd., Rehovot, Israel) to distinguish malignant and non-malignant tissues in freshly excised breast specimen by comparing MR measurements to histopathology results.

Skin-sparing mastectomy flap ischemia salvage using urgent hyperbaric chamber oxygen therapy: a case report.

Since its introduction in 1991, skin-sparing mastectomy has emerged as an acceptable surgical technique in the management of breast cancer patients, providing optimal oncological safety and efficacy with favorable aesthetic results. Rates of native skin flap ischemia and necrosis after skin-sparing mastectomy are 2%-30% and result in a decreased aesthetic outcome and delay of necessary adjuvant treatment. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been advocated for the management of various compromised flaps, and when instituted immediately postoperatively, may prevent progression of ischemia into necrosis.

Tissue specific DNA methylation in normal human breast epithelium and in breast cancer.

Cancer is a heterogeneous and tissue-specific disease. Thus, the tissue of origin reflects on the natural history of the disease and dictates the therapeutic approach. It is suggested that tissue differentiation, mediated mostly by epigenetic modifications, could guide tissue-specific susceptibility and protective mechanisms against cancer.

A randomized prospective study of lumpectomy margin assessment with use of MarginProbe in patients with nonpalpable breast malignancies.

Background: The presence of tumor cells at the margins of breast lumpectomy specimens is associated with an increased risk of ipsilateral tumor recurrence. Twenty to 30 % of patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery require second procedures to achieve negative margins. This study evaluated the adjunctive use of the MarginProbe device (Dune Medical Devices Ltd, Caesarea, Israel) in providing real-time intraoperative assessment of lumpectomy margins.

A similar cell-specific pattern of HOXA methylation in normal and in cancer tissues.

HOX genes are developmental genes that determine anterior-posterior embryonic pattern and govern the process of differentiation. Inappropriate expression of HOX genes has been implicated in developmental abnormalities and hematopoietic malignancies. In addition, HOX genes silencing by DNA methylation has been reported in cancers and related to disease aggressiveness and outcome.

Diagnostic performance of a novel device for real-time margin assessment in lumpectomy specimens.

Background: Margin status in breast lumpectomy procedures is a prognostic factor for local recurrence and the need to obtain clear margins is often a cause for repeated surgical procedures. A recently developed device for real-time intraoperative margin assessment (MarginProbe; Dune Medical Devices, Caesarea, Israel), was clinically tested. The work presented here looks at the diagnostic performance of the device.