The signalling imprints of nanoparticle uptake by bone marrow derived dendritic cells.

Nanoparticles (NP) possess remarkable adjuvant and carrier capacity, therefore are used in the development of various vaccine formulations. Our previous studies demonstrated that inert non-toxic 40-50 nm polystyrene NP (PS-NP) can promote strong CD8 T cell and antibody responses to the antigen, in the absence of observable inflammatory responses. Furthermore, instillation of PS-NP inhibited the development of allergic airway inflammation by induction of an immunological imprint via modulation of dendritic cell (DC) function without inducing oxidative stress in the lungs in mice.

Activated human T cells secrete exosomes that participate in IL-2 mediated immune response signaling.

It has previously been shown that nano-meter sized vesicles (30-100 nm), exosomes, secreted by antigen presenting cells can induce T cell responses thus showing the potential of exosomes to be used as immunological tools. Additionally, activated CD3⁺ T cells can secrete exosomes that have the ability to modulate different immunological responses. Here, we investigated what effects exosomes originating from activated CD3⁺ T cells have on resting CD3⁺ T cells by studying T cell proliferation, cytokine production and by performing T cell and exosome phenotype characterization.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression and functional activity in dendritic cells exposed to cholera toxin.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme expressed by dendritic cells (DC), has the potential to inhibit T cell responses and to promote tolerance. In contrast, cholera toxin (CT), the enterotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae, promotes T cell responses, partly through its ability to induce DC maturation and promote antigen presentation. We hypothesized that the adjuvant activity of CT is associated with a lack of induction of IDO in DC.

Motor vehicle crashes and seat belts: a study of emergency physician procedures, charges, and documentation.

Study Objective: To study emergency physician documentation of seat belt use, practice patterns, and charges for patients with different restraints involved in motor vehicle crashes.

Design: Retrospective examination of 2,239 emergency department records during a 5-month period.

Participants: Patients from four community EDs and one Level I trauma center ED.

Motorboat propeller injuries in Wisconsin: enumeration and prevention.

Study Objective: To ascertain the nature and extent of motorboat propeller injuries in Wisconsin.

Design: Retrospective study of deaths and injuries from outboard motor propellers reported to the Wisconsin Division of Health, Vital Statistics, and reported by a statewide retrospective survey of emergency departments.

Results: For the study period 1987 through 1989, three fatalities were found in Vital Statistics and Emergency Department records and 14 nonfatal injuries reported by respondents to the Wisconsin emergency department survey.

An anatomic index for the severity of ocular injuries.

Ocular injuries are a frequent cause of monocular blindness and cause disfigurement and discomfort. We developed a measure of severity for eye injuries using a multi-attribute utility (MAU) model. The severity index scoring was applied to eye injuries that presented at hospitals in Wisconsin, U.

Injury control. A crucial aspect of emergency medicine.

We have briefly described the theoretic and strategic concepts of injury control and suggested ways for emergency medicine to be more broadly involved. It is not enough for emergency physicians to be active solely in the acute management of injured patients. Emergency physicians need to "look upstream" and balance their focus on the acute management of injuries with a focus on the prevention of injuries.

The incidence of acute hospital-treated eye injuries.

Little information is available on the incidence and severity of eye injuries despite the disfigurement and vision loss they cause. From a population-based study in Dane County, Wisconsin, the incidence of acute hospital-treated eye injuries was 423/100,000 residents in 1979. The most common causes of eye injuries were assaults, work-related events, sports and recreational activities, motor vehicle crashes, and falls.

The incidence of facial injuries from dog bites.

The incidence of hospital-treated facial injuries caused by dog bites was determined from a population-based study involving Dane County, Wisconsin, hospitals during 1978 and 1979. Annual rates were shown to be 152 per 100,000 for ages 0 to 4 years, 128 per 100,000 for ages 5 to 9 years, and 62 per 100,000 for ages 10 to 14 years. Severe facial injuries from dog bites were found almost exclusively in children younger than 10 years.

The incidence of hospital-treated facial injuries from vehicles.

The annual incidence rate of facial injuries from vehicle crashes, 278 per 100,000 residents, was determined from a population-based study involving all Dane County, Wisconsin, hospitals with emergency departments. Applying this figure to the U.S.

Farm tractor fatalities: the failure of voluntary safety standards.

There are no governmental standards for operator protection which require compliance by farm tractor manufacturers. To see how the Wisconsin farming population fares under voluntary safety standards, death certificate data were used to determine rates of tractor-associated fatal injuries. The injury deathrate associated with tractors on farms increased from 10.