Systematic review of clinical effectiveness of interventions for treatment resistant late-life depression.

Background: Treatment-resistant late-life depression (TRLLD) affects nearly half of older adults with major depression. This systematic review evaluates published evidence of effectiveness of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for TRLLD.

Methods: A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, and online trial registries up to March 2024 was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for TRLLD.